Angiotensin II-dependent loss of cardiac function:: Mechanisms and pharmacological targets attenuating this effect

Pharmacological inhibition of components of the renin-angiotensin-system is one of the major therapeutically options to treat patients with heart failure. This study hypothesized that angiotensin 11 (Ang 11) directly depresses contractile function (cell shortening) by activation of transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)). Moreover, we hypothesized that an inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta GSK will compensate for this depressive effect by increasing SERCA2 expression. Isolated adult ventricular rat cardiornyocytes were used and cultured in the presence of Ang 11 (100 nM) for 24 h. Cell shortening and contractile dynamics were recorded at 2 Hz. Immunoblot techniques and gel mobility shift assays were used to demonstrate NFAT activation caused by inhibition of GSK and to demonstrate increases in the expression of SERCA2.Ang-11 caused a nearly 20% decrease in cell shortening. This Ang 11-dependent effect was mimicked by TGF-beta(1) (10 ng/ml), attenuated by addition of aprotinin, that was used to block the proteolytic activation of TGF-beta(1),or by application of a neutralizing antibody directed against TGF-beta(1). Inhibition of GSK activated NFAT, increased SERCA2 expression and improved cell function. In conclusion, the study identified a paracrine mechanism for the Ang 11-dependent loss of cardiac function that occurs independently of hemodynamic changes. Furthermore, it characterized the differences between Ang 11 and alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation with respect to the maintenance of cellular function explaining cellular events contributing to the difference between adaptive (physiological) and mal-adaptive (patho-physiological) hypertrophy.