Noninvasive Cardiac Output Monitors: A State-of the-Art Review

JOURNAL OF CARDIOTHORACIC AND VASCULAR ANESTHESIA

卷 27, 期 1, 页码 121-134

W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC

hemodynamic monitoring; carbon dioxide rebreathing; bioimpedance; bioreactance; esophageal Doppler; pulse contour analysis; cardiac output; stroke volume; goal-directed therapy; anesthesia; intensive care units; critical illness

Anesthesiology Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems Respiratory System Peripheral Vascular Disease