Fast differential interference contrast imaging combined with autocorrelation treatments to measure the heart rate of embryonic fish

To develop an accurate and convenient method for measuring the heart rate of zebra fish in vivo, a system combining fast differential interference contrast (DIC) imaging with an autocorrelation technique is established. The imaging correlation coefficient corr(i,j) between frame i, selected from the obtained time-lapse imaging series as the reference image, and any other frame j, is calculated as the time-dependent cycle course. Heat rate is determined by the cycle period of the corr with a high temporal resolution of 4 ms, achieved by fast charge-coupled device (CCD) imaging of 250 frames per second. With this high-resolution system, we find that 1-mg/L cadmium not only induces the slowing of the heart rate, but also caused signs of arrhythmia in treated fish. (C) 2008 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.