Novel Isoforms of Heat Shock Transcription Factor 1, HSF1 γα and HSF1 γβ, Regulate Chaperone Protein Gene Transcription

The heat shock response, resulting in the production of heat shock proteins or molecular chaperones, is triggered by elevated temperature and a variety of other stressors. Its master regulator is heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1). Heat shock factors generally exist in multiple isoforms. The two known isoforms of HSF1 differ in the inclusion (HSF1 alpha) or exclusion (HSF1 beta) of exon 11. Although there are some data concerning the differential expression patterns and transcriptional activities of HSF2 isoforms during development, little is known about the distinct properties of the HSF1 isoforms. Here we present evidence for two novel HSF1 isoforms termed HSF1 gamma alpha and HSF1 gamma beta, and we show that the HSF1 isoform ratio differentially regulates heat shock protein gene transcription. Hsf1 gamma isoforms are expressed in various mouse tissues and are translated into protein. Furthermore, after heat shock, HSF1 gamma isoforms are exported from the nucleus more rapidly or degraded more quickly than HSF1 alpha or HSF1 beta. We also show that each individual HSF1 isoform is sufficient to induce the heat shock response and that expression of combinations of HSF1 isoforms, in particular HSF1 alpha and HSF1 beta, results in a synergistic enhancement of the transcriptional response. In addition, HSF1 gamma isoforms potentially suppress the synergistic effect of HSF1 alpha and HSF1 beta co-expression. Collectively, our observations suggest that the expression of HSF1 isoforms in a specific ratio provides an additional layer in the regulation of heat shock protein gene transcription.