Sts-2 Is a Phosphatase That Negatively Regulates Zeta-associated Protein (ZAP)-70 and T Cell Receptor Signaling Pathways

T cell activity is controlled in large part by the T cell receptor (TCR). The TCR detects the presence of foreign pathogens and activates the T cell-mediated immune reaction. Numerous intracellular signaling pathways downstream of the TCR are involved in the process of T cell activation. Negative regulation of these pathways helps prevent excessive and deleterious T cell responses. Two homologous proteins, Sts-1 and Sts-2, have been shown to function as critical negative regulators of TCR signaling. The phosphoglycerate mutase-like domain of Sts-1 (Sts-1(PGM)) has a potent phosphatase activity that contributes to the suppression of TCR signaling. The function of Sts-2(PGM) as a phosphatase has been less clear, principally because its intrinsic enzyme activity has been difficult to detect. Here, we demonstrate that Sts-2 regulates the level of tyrosine phosphorylation on targets within T cells, among them the critical T cell tyrosine kinase Zap-70. Utilizing new phosphorylated substrates, we demonstrate that Sts-2(PGM) has clear, albeit weak, phosphatase activity. We further pinpoint Sts-2 residues Glu-481, Ser-552, and Ser-582 as specificity determinants, in that an Sts-2(PGM) triple mutant in which these three amino acids are altered to their counterparts in Sts-1(PGM) has substantially increased activity. Our results suggest that the phosphatase activities of both suppressor of TCR signaling homologues cooperate in a similar but independent fashion to help set the threshold for TCR-induced T cell activation.