Yeast Cells Lacking All Known Ceramide Synthases Continue to Make Complex Sphingolipids and to Incorporate Ceramides into Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) Anchors

In yeast, the inositolphosphorylceramides mostly contain C26:0 fatty acids. Inositolphosphorylceramides were considered to be important for viability because the inositolphosphorylceramide synthase AUR1 is essential. However, lcb1 Delta cells, unable to make sphingoid bases and inositolphosphorylceramides, are viable if they harbor SLC1-1, a gain of function mutation in the 1-acyl-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase SLC1. SLC1-1 allows the incorporation of C26:0 fatty acids into phosphatidylinositol (PI), thus generating PI '', an abnormal, C26-containing PI, presumably acting as surrogate for inositolphosphorylceramide. Here we show that the lethality of the simultaneous deletion of the known ceramide synthases LAG1/LAC1/LIP1 and YPC1/YDC1 can be rescued by the expression of SLC1-1 or the overexpression of AUR1. Moreover, lag1 Delta lac1 Delta ypc1 Delta ydc1 Delta (4 Delta) quadruple mutants have been reported to be viable in certain genetic backgrounds but to still make some abnormal uncharacterized inositol-containing sphingolipids. Indeed, we find that 4 Delta quadruple mutants make substantial amounts of unphysiological inositolphosphorylphytosphingosines but that they also still make small amounts of normal inositolphosphorylceramides. Moreover, 4 Delta strains incorporate exogenously added sphingoid bases into inositolphosphorylceramides, indicating that these cells still possess an unknown pathway allowing the synthesis of ceramides. 4 Delta cells also still add quite normal amounts of ceramides to glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors. Synthesis of inositolphosphorylceramides and inositolphosphorylphytosphingosines is operated by Aur1p and is essential for growth of all 4 Delta cells unless they contain SLC1-1. PI '', however, is made without the help of Aur1p. Furthermore, mannosylation of PI '' is required for the survival of sphingolipid-deficient strains, which depend on SLC1-1. In contrast to lcb1 Delta SLC1-1, 4 Delta SLC1-1 cells grow at 37 degrees C but remain thermosensitive at 44 degrees C.