Genomic Responses from the Estrogen-responsive Element-dependent Signaling Pathway Mediated by Estrogen Receptor α Are Required to Elicit Cellular Alterations

Estrogen (E2) signaling is conveyed by the transcription factors estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and beta. ERs modulate the expression of genes involved in cellular proliferation, motility, and death. The regulation of transcription by E2-ER alpha through binding to estrogen-responsive elements (EREs) in DNA constitutes the ERE-dependent signaling pathway. E2-ER alpha also modulates gene expression by interacting with transregulators bound to cognate DNA-regulatory elements, and this regulation is referred to as the ERE-independent signaling pathway. The relative importance of the ERE-independent pathway in E2-ER alpha signaling is unclear. To address this issue, we engineered an ERE-binding defective ER alpha mutant (ER alpha(EBD)) by changing residues in an alpha-helix of the protein involved in DNA binding to render the receptor functional only through the ERE-independent signaling pathway. Using recombinant adenovirus-infected ER-negative MDA-MB-231 cells derived from a breast adenocarcinoma, we found that E2-ER alpha(EBD) modulated the expression of a subset of ER alpha-responsive genes identified by microarrays and verified by quantitative PCR. However, E2-ER alpha(EBD) did not affect cell cycle progression, cellular growth, death, or motility in contrast to E2-ER alpha. ER alpha(EBD) in the presence of E2 was also ineffective in inducing phenotypic alterations in ER-negative U-2OS cells derived from an osteosarcoma. E2-ER alpha, on the other hand, effectively repressed growth in this cell line. Our findings suggest that genomic responses from the ERE-dependent signaling pathway are required for E2-ER alpha to induce alterations in cellular responses.