Dimeric Quaternary Structure of the Prototypical Dual Specificity Phosphatase VH1

The Vaccinia virus H1 gene product, VH1, is a dual specificity phosphatase that down-regulates the cellular antiviral response by dephosphorylating STAT1. The crystal structure of VH1, determined at 1.32 angstrom resolution, reveals a novel dimeric quaternary structure, which exposes two active sites spaced similar to 39 angstrom away from each other. VH1forms a stable dimer via an extensive domain swap of the N-terminal helix ( residues 1-20). In vitro, VH1 can dephosphorylate activated STAT1, in a reaction that is competed by the nuclear transport adapter importin alpha 5. Interestingly, VH1 is inactive with respect to STAT1 bound to DNA, suggesting that the viral phosphatase acts predominantly on the cytoplasmic pool of activated STAT1. We propose that the dimeric quaternary structure of VH1 is essential for specific recognition of activated STAT1, which prevents its nuclear translocation, thus blocking interferon-gamma signal transduction and antiviral response.