Testing Bergmann's rule in the presence of potentially confounding factors:: a case study with three species of Galerida larks in Morocco

Aim To test Bergmann's rule (which predicts a larger body size in colder areas within warm-blooded vertebrate species) in three partially sympatric species of larks (Galerida theklae, Galerida cristata and Galerida randonii) that occur in Morocco. Location Morocco. Methods Restriction fragment length polymorphism techniques applied on cytochrome b haplotypes were used to discriminate G. cristata and G. randonii, and to investigate the effects of interspecific hybridization in their contact zone. A comprehensive statistical framework was then designed to test Bergmann's rule in our three Galerida species (using altitude as a proxy for cold temperatures), while controlling for the possible influence of interspecific hybridization and competition and accounting for spatial autocorrelation. The method we propose is conservative in the sense that potentially confounding factors are adjusted so as to maximize their influence on the variable of interest. Results Bergmann's rule was strongly supported in G. theklae and G. randonii. However, body size did not respond to altitude in G. cristata, a result that was not simply explained by species-specific differences in geographical ranges and altitudinal span. In G. cristata, we detected a tendency for body size to increase with aridity, in agreement with an alternative definition of Bergmann's rule. However, since G. cristata also hybridizes with G. randonii in a contact zone located in the most arid part of the range of G. cristata, we could not tease apart the relative contribution of selection and hybridization in driving this pattern. Main conclusions This study highlights the need for careful statistical designs that allow meaningful variables to be picked out from large sets of potential factors. When taking these factors into account, we found that Bergmann's rule was still strongly supported in two out of the three species examined.