Impact of high dietary lipid intake and related metabolic disorders on the abundance and acyl composition of the unique mitochondrial phospholipid, cardiolipin

Excessive dietary lipid intake, coupled with lack of exercise, are the major causes of the development and progression of metabolic syndrome features e. g. obesity, hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. These metabolic diseases are associated with both structural and functional alterations of mitochondria. Cardiolipin (CL) is a unique phospholipid that is almost exclusively localized in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Cardiolipin is at the heart of mitochondrial metabolism playing a key role in several processes of mitochondrial bioenergetics as well as in mitochondrial membrane stability and dynamics, and in many of the mitochondrial-dependent steps of apoptosis. Indeed, alterations to CL content and acyl chain profile have been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in multiple tissues in Barth syndrome and in many other physio-pathological conditions. After a brief overview of the biological roles of CL, we highlight the consequences of lipid overload-related nutritional manipulations as well as related metabolic disorders on both CL content and its fatty acid composition in the major metabolic tissues, the heart, muscle and liver. The goal of this review is to fill a void in the CL literature concerning the effects of CL abundance and form that arise following high lipid supplementation and the related metabolic disorders.