Evaluation and Recommendations for Improving the Accuracy of an Inexpensive Water Temperature Logger

Onset's HOBO U22 Water Temp Pros are small, reliable, relatively inexpensive, self-contained temperature loggers that are widely used in studies of oceans, lakes, and streams. An in-house temperature bath calibration of 158 Temp Pros indicated root-mean-square (RMS) errors ranging from 0.01 degrees to 0.14 degrees C, with one value of 0.23 degrees C, consistent with the factory specifications. Application of a quadratic calibration correction substantially reduced the RMS error to less than 0.009 degrees C in all cases. The primary correction was a bias error typically between -0.1 degrees and 0.15 degrees C. Comparison of water temperature measurements from Temp Pros and more accurate temperature loggers during two oceanographic studies indicates that calibrated Temp Pros have an RMS error of similar to 0.02 degrees C throughout the water column at night and beneath the surface layer influenced by penetrating solar radiation during the day. Larger RMS errors (up to 0.08 degrees C) are observed near the surface during the day due to solar heating of the black Temp Pro housing. Errors due to solar heating are significantly reduced by wrapping the housing with white electrical tape.