Article
Polymer Science
Hu Qiao, Abderrahim Maazouz, Khalid Lamnawar
Summary: The present work aimed to investigate how the composition and physico-chemical properties affect the rheology, morphology, miscibility, and thermal stability of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) biopolymer blends obtained by melt mixing. The study revealed the thermo-rheological complexity of the PLA/PHBV blends in the melt, especially for PLA-rich blends, which exhibited irregularly structured morphologies due to highly mismatched viscoelastic properties. The miscibility of the blends was also affected by the lower thermal stability of PLA and PHBV. However, the melt-induced degradation process of the blends seemed to improve their miscibility and thermo-rheological simplicity to some extent.
Article
Polymer Science
Zhuyu Bai, Na Wang, Shaopeng Chen, Xincheng Guo, Jianbing Guo, Jun Qin, Xiaolang Chen, Zongcheng Lu
Summary: Silica nanohybrid expandable graphite particles serve as an efficient flame retardant for polypropylene/polyamide 6 blends, enhancing flame retardancy, thermal stability, and mechanical properties. Compared to pure expandable graphite, the nanohybrid particles exhibit improved flame retardant efficiency and better thermal stability in the composites.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Polymer Science
Adrian Korycki, Christian Garnier, Amandine Abadie, Valerie Nassiet, Charles Tarek Sultan, France Chabert
Summary: The study elaborated PEEK/PES blends with partial miscibility by melt mixing with phenolphthalein, which was confirmed by DSC and DMTA analysis. Phenolphthalein acted as a compatibilizer and plasticizer for the blends, resulting in a softened PEEK phase and improved interfacial adhesion with PES. Additionally, the storage modulus in the glassy region of the blends remained similar to pure PEEK due to the aromatic moieties in phenolphthalein.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Nour Jaouadi, Mohamed Jaziri, Abderrahim Maazouz, Khalid Lamnawar
Summary: The objective of this study was to investigate multiphase systems based on blends of polylactic acid (PLA) and polyamide 11 (PA11), ranging from blends to multilayers. By using reactive extrusion, PLA/PA11 blends compatibilized with a multifunctionalized epoxide, Joncryl, were obtained. The thermal, morphological, rheological, and mechanical behaviors of these materials were studied. The results revealed that the addition of Joncryl as a compatibilizer significantly reduced particle size and interfacial tension, resulting in ductile behavior in the tensile properties. Furthermore, the effects of interdiffusion and diffuse interphase formation on structure, rheology, and mechanics of compatible multilayered systems fabricated with forced-assembly multilayer coextrusion were investigated based on these findings. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the interfacial properties, such as rheological, mechanical, and morphological behaviors, and their control in multilayer polymers produced by coextrusion, enabling their use in advanced applications.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Jianming Zeng, Wenli Luo, Jianing An, Xingyi Xie
Summary: The study successfully synthesized DOPO-PEI-CO(2)s to release CO2 as a blowing agent, while also providing moderate flame retardancy, making the resulting PUFs suitable for industrial applications.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Polymer Science
Yijun Zhang, Dawei Pan, Changfan Chang, Hua Liu, Zuozhen Liu
Summary: A highly reactive intrinsic epoxy flame retardant FREP was synthesized successfully and introduced into epoxy resin to improve fire safety, with EP/FREP-4 thermoset achieving a UL94 V-0 rating. FREP reduced the peak heat release rate and total smoke production of EP, showing significant flame retardant effects.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Wei Wang, Li Lei, Qiuru Bao, Yuan Liu, Qi Wang
Summary: This study investigates the application of a novel triazine charring agent in thermoplastic polyolefin composites, achieving excellent flame retardancy by combining with ammonium polyphosphate. The synergistic effects of the APP/TM system result in the formation of a dense and continuous char layer, effectively insulating the substrate from heat and oxygen erosion.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Xing Liu, Jianqing Zhao, Xiaodan Lin
Summary: Flame-retarded acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives with improved shear and peel strengths were successfully prepared by constructing a tight non-covalent crosslinking network that effectively counteract the negative effect of flame retardants on cohesion. The combination of DMMP and SiO2 increases the flame retardant effectiveness and reduces the overall required loading of flame retardants.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Xian-Yao Tian, Sheng Xu, Kun Wu, Hong-yan Zeng, Jie Hu, Yi-Hui Guo
Summary: A novel core-shell nanostructures flame retardant (PZN@NiCo-BH) was synthesized and incorporated into PP to improve mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression capabilities. The resulting PP/PZN@NiCo-BH composites showed superior flame retardancy with a LOI value of 29.5%, UL-94 V-0 rating, and a 56.3% reduction in total smoke production.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Siti Maznah Kabeb, Azman Hassan, Faiz Ahmad, Zurina Mohamad, Zalilah Sharer, Munirah Mokhtar
Summary: This study investigated the synergistic effects of hybrid nanofillers on the anticorrosion and flame retardancy properties of graphene oxide reinforced epoxy coatings. Testing methods included EIS, Tafel polarization, SST, LOI, and TEM to reveal the improvements in corrosion resistance and burning behavior. The results showed that hybrid nanofillers enhanced the barrier properties of the coatings, leading to better performance in both corrosion protection and flame retardancy.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Xue Dong, Qin-Zhuo Zhou, Lei Li, Ying-Cheng Li, Mei-Fang Zhu
Summary: A novel P(AN-co-DMVP) copolymer with excellent thermal stability and flame retardance properties was successfully synthesized, showing a significant increase in oxygen index and a decrease in heat release with the addition of DMVP. The relationship between copolymer structures and flame-retardant performance was systematically investigated using various analytical methods, proposing a comprehensive flame-retardant mechanism involving DMVP in both the gaseous and condensed phases.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Polymer Science
Cheng-Shou Zhao, Zhen-Jun Luo, De-Yan Kong, Hua-qiao Peng, De-Fu Li, Nima Esmaeili
Summary: This study presents an effective self-intumescent flame retardant system for epoxy resin based on the synergistic effect between Cu2O and ammonium polyphosphate. The optimal mass ratio of Cu2O: APP was found to be 2:8, resulting in improved fire performance of EP. The presence of Cu2O catalyzes char formation and CO to CO2 conversion, leading to decreased heat release and smoke production in EP.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Polymer Science
Xinjun Wang, Lijun Qian, Juan Li
Summary: The study demonstrated that the mixture of APP/CC-Lys/OMMT can enhance the flame retardancy of EVA, forming a porous char layer with good thermal insulation properties, reducing the heat release during combustion, and delaying the ignition time.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Qian Chen, Xiao Feng Cui, Wen Jiang Zheng, Wei Zou, Yanli Li, Jie Yan, Hu Yang, Fan Yang, Hai Bo Zhang
Summary: The study modified the widely used intumescent flame-retardant ammonium polyphosphate with carbon-carbon double bonds, and introduced it into hydrogels, improving their thermal stability and fire resistance. The resulting hydrogels showed enhanced mechanical strength, healing efficiency, and fireproof time compared to pure hydrogels.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Polymer Science
Yichen Han, Hui Zhao, Lixin Chen, Di Ran, Jichuan Chen, Jia Zhao, Tingting Xu
Summary: By synthesizing a reactive flame retardant DPPO-TES containing both Si and P and incorporating it into EP, the flammability and brittleness of EP were effectively improved, showing promising application prospects.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Polymer Science
Marius Weinbrenner, Regino Weber, Thomas Neumeyer, Volker Altstaedt
Summary: This study investigated the density-dependent burning behavior of commercial bead foams using cone calorimetry, highlighting the importance of density in predicting thermal loads. The peak heat release rate of flame-retarded EPP and E-mPPE was found not to be dependent on density, indicating an increased homogeneity by addition of flame retardant.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Eduardo Szpoganicz, Martin Demleitner, Fabian Huebner, Youngseok Oh, Youngdo Kweon, Hyojae Lee, Volker Altstaedt, Holger Ruckdaeschel
Summary: In this study, an empirical correlation between the tack of phenolic prepregs and the rheological state of the base resin was established through multivariable analyses. The interaction between resin and filler was found to effectively change the resin viscosity, regulating the prepreg tackiness level. By systematically varying the conversion state and operating temperature, inherent phenolic resin properties were thoroughly determined to understand their impact on final composite tack property.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Bettina Strommer, Alexander Battig, Daniele Frasca, Dietmar Schulze, Christian Huth, Martin Bohning, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: The incorporation of nanoparticles like multilayer graphene into elastomeric composites improves their technical performance, such as mechanical behavior and electrical conductivity. Traditional filler types usually fulfill single purposes and require high loadings, while a small amount of multilayer graphene can reduce filler content and maintain the multifunctional characteristics of rubber composites.
ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Mohamed Ali Wahab, Katharina Kebelmann, Bernhard Schartel, Gareth Griffiths
Summary: The valorization of macroalgae digestate as a secondary resource can lead to the production of high value chemicals through pyrolysis, while the filtered liquid fraction can be used as an alternative culture media for microalgae growth. The digestates showed improved biooil profiles compared to the raw macroalgae. The pyrolyzates from the digestates contained high-value chemicals and the liquid digestate positively influenced microalgae growth.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Alexander Battig, Karla Itzel Garfias Gonzalez, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: This study investigates the application of sustainable, biogenic flame retardant adjuvants for epoxy resins and finds that zoological products can act as fillers to enhance the synergistic effect of flame retardants.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Du Ngoc Uy Lan, Christian Bruetting, Christian Bethke, Johannes Meuchelboeck, Tobias Standau, Volker Altstaedt, Holger Ruckdaeschel
Summary: Expanded polymeric beads can produce parts with complex geometries. A new technique of solid-state carbamate foaming is proposed to fabricate expandable epoxy beads (EEBs) and produce epoxy particle foams (EPFs). The EPFs have good physical properties.
Article
Polymer Science
Jan David Huebsch, Martin Demleitner, Simon Bard, Philipp Berendes, Volker Altstaedt, Christian Mittelstedt
Summary: This study investigates the application of composites in aerospace parts under high temperatures and aggressive media. By using a natural toughener on the epoxy resin, it is found that the resin can maintain certain mechanical and thermal properties while adapting to high temperatures and aggressive media. However, this treatment only delays the aging process of the resin.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Characterization & Testing
Fabian Huebner, Michael Hoffmann, Nicole Sommer, Volker Altstaedt, Andreas Scherer, Tobias Dickhut, Holger Ruckdaeschel
Summary: In this study, a latent and tacky epoxy resin modified with siloxane core-shell particles was developed and investigated for use as a towpreg matrix for winding of cryogenic composite vessels. The mechanical properties, fracture toughness, and plastic zone radius of the modified resin were examined at different temperatures. It was found that the modified resin exhibited improved fracture toughness and reduced plastic zone radius at cryogenic temperatures. The addition of polydimethylsiloxane further enhanced the plastic zone radius, demonstrating the necessity of combinatorial methods in understanding temperature-dependent failure of epoxy matrices.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Svetlana Tretsiakova-McNally, Aloshy Baby, Paul Joseph, Doris Pospiech, Eileen Schierz, Albena Lederer, Malavika Arun, Gaelle Fontaine
Summary: The condensed-phase and gaseous-phase activities of fire-retardant moieties in modified styrene polymers were evaluated for the first time. The thermal decomposition of the modified polymers produced volatile products such as benzaldehyde, acetophenone, and styrene. Reactive modification of polystyrene with phosphorus and nitrogen monomers resulted in a predominantly condensed-phase mode of action.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Maximilian Mund, Dustin Hassler, Peter Schaumann, Sascha Hothan, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: Intumescent coatings are used to improve fire resistance and aesthetic appearance of steel structures. The durability of the coating and its performance under weathering conditions are essential factors to consider. This paper presents experimental investigations on the expansion behavior, thermal performance, and reactions during foaming in case of fire of two types of intumescent coatings. The research results were obtained from the IGF research project 20470 N.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Johannes U. Lenz, Doris Pospiech, Hartmut Komber, Andreas Korwitz, Oliver Kobsch, Maxime Paven, Rolf W. Albach, Martin Guenther, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: The impact of phosphorus-containing flame retardants on rigid polyisocyanurate foams was studied by varying the chemical structure of the flame retardants. Different compounds, including non-NCO-reactive and NCO-reactive dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepine 6-oxide (BPPO) and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), were compared in terms of foam properties, thermal decomposition, and fire behavior. The results showed that DOPO was more effective when the flame retardant acted as a filler or dangling end in the foam polymer network, while BPPO was superior when incorporated as a subunit in the network.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Ngoc Uy Lan Du, Christian Bethke, Shuaiping Gong, Volker Altstaedt, Holger Ruckdaeschel
Summary: This study investigates the effect of three different neat amines on the rheological behavior of foaming epoxy-carbamate-amine. The results show that DGEBA-AEP-IDPA.CO2 has a more spherical and homogeneous cellular structure with a density of 285 kg/m(3) at a 25% filling level. On the other hand, both DGEBA-DMC-IPDA.CO2 and DGEBA-IPDA-IPDA.CO2 have similar densities of 301 kg/m(3) and 305 kg/m(3), respectively, with cell-interconnection and coalescence structures. All foams are closed-cell at a 75% filling level, and the cell morphologies reflect the foaming modulus and tan delta behavior.
JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PLASTICS
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Martin Demleitner, Fabian Huebner, Andreas Mainz, Holger Ruckdaeschel, Volker Altstaedt, Laurent Michely, Agustin Rios de Anda
Summary: Chemical anchors used in structural components can experience creep under sustained loading, affecting their long-term performance. This study investigates the creep properties of epoxy-amine resin systems by modifying the molar ratio that determines the network structure. The results show a strong linear correlation between the physical entanglement and defects of each formulation and the crosslink density and network parameters. Epoxy-rich systems exhibit higher modulus and tensile strength but poorer creep properties due to the higher content of free and dangling chains. The entanglement density has a greater impact on creep behavior at high loads compared to defect-rich systems.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Simon Bard, Thomas Tran, Florian Schoenl, Sabine Rosenfeldt, Martin Demleitner, Holger Ruckdaeschel, Markus Retsch, Volker Altstaedt
Summary: In this paper, the relationship between thermal conductivity and carbon fiber morphology was studied for estimating the behavior of carbon fiber components under thermal loading. The thermal conductivities of different carbon fibers with varying tensile modulus were measured, and it was found that the thermal conductivity increased with tensile modulus in both fiber and perpendicular direction. The increase was attributed to the increasing anisotropy resulting from the orientation of graphitic domains and microvoids.