Comparative phylobiomic analysis of the bacterial community of water kefir by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and ARDRA analysis

Aims The aim of this study was to analyse the bacterial microbiota of water kefir using culture-independent methods. Methods and Results We compared four water kefirs of different origins using 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing and ARDRA. The microbiota consisted of different proportions of the genera Lactobacillus (Lact.), Leuconostoc (Leuc.), Acetobacter (Acet.) and Gluconobacter. Surprisingly, varying but consistently high numbers of sequences representing members of the genus Bifidobacterium (Bif.) were found in all kefirs. Whereas part of the bifidobacterial sequences could be assigned to Bifidobacterium psychraerophilum, a majority of sequences identical to each other could not be assigned to any known species. A nearly full-length sequence of the latter exhibited a beyond-species similarity (96 center dot 4%) with the sequence from the closest relative species Bif.psychraerophilum. A Bifidobacterium-specific ARDRA analysis reflected the abundance of the novel Bifidobacterium species by revealing its unique MboI restriction profile. Attempts to isolate the bifidobacteria were successful for Bif.psychraerophilum only. Conclusions The complexity of the water kefir microbiota has been underestimated in previously studies. The occurrence of bifidobacteria as part of the consortium is novel. Significance and Impact of the Study These data give new insights into the understanding of the complexity of food fermentations and underline the need for approaches detecting noncultivable organisms.