Review
Veterinary Sciences
Wenhao Yang, Xiufan Liu, Xiaoquan Wang
Summary: Influenza A virus is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Orthomyxoviridae family. H9N2 is a low pathogenic avian influenza virus that is widely spread in poultry and poses a threat to humans. Understanding the immune response of chickens to H9N2 is crucial for controlling the virus and developing vaccines.
VETERINARY QUARTERLY
(2023)
Review
Microbiology
Gabriel da Silva Oliveira, Concepta Mcmanus, Maria Viviane de Araujo, Davi Emanuel Ribeiro de Sousa, Isabel Luana de Macedo, Marcio Botelho de Castro, Vinicius Machado dos Santos
Summary: Increased meat and egg production has led to changes in poultry practices, such as the indiscriminate use of formaldehyde for sanitizing hatching eggs. This review examines the potential use of essential oils as a substitute for formaldehyde in reducing microbial exposure in hatching eggs and embryos. Although most essential oils have shown to be safer and effective, further studies on the microbiological profile and economic feasibility are needed.
Article
Immunology
Varsha Potdar, Megha Brijwal, Rakesh Lodha, Pragya Yadav, Santosh Jadhav, Manohar Lal Choudhary, Aashish Choudhary, Veena Vipat, Nivedita Gupta, Ashok Kumar Deorari, Lalit Dar, Priya Abraham
Summary: An 11-year-old boy with acute myeloid leukemia in New Delhi, India, was treated for severe acute respiratory infection caused by avian influenza A(H5N1). The strain belonged to hemagglutinin gene clade 2.3.2.1a and was found to be susceptible to amantadine and neuraminidase inhibitors.
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Mohsen Bashashati, David H. Chung, Mohammad Hossein Fallah Mehrabadi, Dong-Hun Lee
Summary: The evolutionary history of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in Iran shows that only the Iran 4 subgroup has survived and currently circulates in the country; the viruses possess molecular markers associated with mammalian adaption; continued surveillance of H9N2 viruses is needed to monitor their evolution and potential threat to public health.
TRANSBOUNDARY AND EMERGING DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Mariana Leguia, Alejandra Garcia-Glaessner, Breno Munoz-Saavedra, Diana Juarez, Patricia Barrera, Carlos Calvo-Mac, Javier Jara, Walter Silva, Karl Ploog, Lady Amaro, Paulo Colchao-Claux, Christine K. Johnson, Marcela M. Uhart, Martha I. Nelson, Jesus Lescano
Summary: Highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 viruses have invaded the Americas and pose a threat to wildlife, poultry, and humans. The HPAI/H5N1 viruses in Peru have genetic reassortment between Eurasian and American lineages, emphasizing the need for surveillance and control measures.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Biology
Matthew B. Toomey, Kelly L. Ronald
Summary: Carotenoids play a role in bird coloration and vision, affecting the perception of color through oil droplets in cone photoreceptors. While both color and droplet pigmentation are influenced by diet and immune challenges, the effects differ in magnitude and time scale between plumage and the visual system. Studies suggest a subtle link between retinal carotenoid levels and color discrimination, but the mechanisms remain unclear.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Pengxiang Chang, Jean-Remy Sadeyen, Sushant Bhat, Rebecca Daines, Altaf Hussain, Huseyin Yilmaz, Munir Iqbal
Summary: Since 2013, the H7N9 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have caused over 1500 human infections and a mortality rate of approximately 40%. Despite vaccination efforts, the viruses continue to evolve rapidly in poultry and some strains have the ability to escape vaccine-induced immunity. Recent analysis showed that the H7N9 AIVs from the early epidemic waves had dual receptor binding characteristics, but more recent strains lost or retained weak human receptor binding. The viruses also demonstrated increased acid stability but reduced thermal stability compared to earlier strains, and showed poor cross-reactivity with human monoclonal antibodies and ferret antisera.
EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS
(2023)
Review
Microbiology
Alison Simancas-Racines, Santiago Cadena-Ullauri, Patricia Guevara-Ramirez, Ana Karina Zambrano, Daniel Simancas-Racines
Summary: Avian influenza is a contagious disease that causes high avian mortality, leading to economic losses and increased costs for disease control. It is caused by an RNA virus and only Influenzavirus A can infect birds. The pathogenicity of avian influenza is based on the lethality, signs, and molecular characteristics of the virus. Low pathogenic avian influenza has a low mortality rate, while highly pathogenic avian influenza can cross barriers and damage all tissues with a high mortality rate. The zoonotic potential of avian influenza has made it a global public health concern.
Review
Microbiology
Holly Everest, Elizabeth Billington, Rebecca Daines, Alice Burman, Munir Iqbal
Summary: Avian influenza viruses, especially H10Nx strains, pose a continuous threat to both poultry and human health, with significant impact on mortality. Despite gaps in understanding, enhanced surveillance and knowledge of their distribution and infection capabilities are crucial in addressing the ongoing pandemic threat.
Review
Microbiology
Adrianna Aleksandrowicz, Muhammad Moman Khan, Katarzyna Sidorczuk, Mateusz Noszka, Rafal Kolenda
Summary: APEC, a common pathogen in poultry, relies on various adhesins to evade host defense mechanisms and cause infection. Understanding these adhesins is essential for developing effective strategies to combat APEC infections.
VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Deborah Cruciani, Silvia Crotti, Carmen Maresca, Ivan Pecorelli, Emanuela Verdini, Marinella Rodolfi, Eleonora Scoccia, Sara Spina, Andrea Valentini, Francesco Agnetti
Summary: This study investigated the spread of Aspergillus spp. in Italian farms, their antifungal resistance, and the presence of mycotoxins. The results showed a wide distribution of Aspergillus spp. and resistance to antifungal drugs, posing a potential transmission risk to animals and humans.
Review
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Nahed Yehia, Heba M. Salem, Yasser Mahmmod, Dalia Said, Mahmoud Samir, Sara Abdel Mawgod, Hend K. Sorour, Mona A. A. AbdelRahman, Samy Selim, Ahmed M. Saad, Mohamed T. El-Saadony, Rasha M. El-Meihy, Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack, Khaled A. El-Tarabily, Ali M. Zanaty
Summary: Many pathogens commonly infect birds through the respiratory tract, leading to respiratory disorders and significant financial losses in the poultry industry. Viral pathogens, such as avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, and avian pneumovirus, are particularly severe. Bacterial pathogens, including Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Staphylococcus, Bordetella avium, Pasteurella multocida, Riemerella anatipestifer, Chlamydophila psittaci, and Escherichia coli, also cause serious respiratory infections in poultry. This review provides an updated summary of the evidence for widespread poultry respiratory pathogens, along with possible control and prevention methods.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Anabel L. Clements, Thomas P. Peacock, Joshua E. Sealy, Hui Min Lee, Saira Hussain, Jean-Remy Sadeyen, Holly Shelton, Paul Digard, Munir Iqbal
Summary: PA-X is an accessory protein encoded by influenza A viruses that can induce host shutoff and enhance virus replication in mammalian cells. It plays a role as a virulence factor for H9N2 avian influenza viruses in chickens, leading to faster replication and wider organ tropism.
JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Isha Berry, Mahbubur Rahman, Meerjady Sabrina Flora, Tahmina Shirin, A. S. M. Alamgir, Manjur Hossain Khan, Rubaid Anwar, Mona Lisa, Fahmida Chowdhury, Md Ariful Islam, Muzzafar G. Osmani, Stacie Dunkle, Eric Brum, Amy L. Greer, Shaun K. Morris, Punam Mangtani, David N. Fisman
Summary: This study aimed to characterize the seasonality and epidemiology of influenza in Bangladesh. The results showed a distinct influenza season in Bangladesh, with peak transmission occurring annually from June to July, although the timing varied by region. Additionally, avian influenza displayed weaker seasonality and had a different peak period compared to human influenza.
LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH
(2022)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Alexander A. Smith, Ricardo Corona-Torres, Rachel E. Hewitt, Mark P. Stevens, Andrew J. Grant
Summary: This study demonstrates that the removal of lipopolysaccharide antigen from the surface of E. coli can increase the surface exposure and accessibility of glycosylated antigens.
MICROBIAL CELL FACTORIES
(2022)