β-Triketone Inhibitors of Plant p-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase: Modeling and Comparative Molecular Field Analysis of Their Interactions

p-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) is the target site of beta-triketone herbicides in current use. Nineteen beta-triketones and analogues, including the naturally occurring leptospermone and grandiflorone, were synthesized and tested as inhibitors of purified Arabidopsis thaliana HPPD. The most active compound was a beta-triketone with a C-9 alkyl side chain, not reported as natural, which inhibited HPPD with an I-50 of 19 +/- 1 nM. This is significantly more active than sulcotrione, which had an I-50 of 250 +/- 21 nM in this assay system. The most active naturally occurring beta-triketone was grandiflorone, which had an I-50 of 750 +/- 70 nM. This compound is of potential interest as a natural herbicide because it can be extracted with good yield and purity from some Leptospermum shrubs. Analogues without the 1,3-diketone group needed to interact with Fe2+ at the HPPD active site were inactive (I(50)s > 50 mu M), as were analogues with prenyl or ethyl groups on the triketone ring. Modeling of the binding of the triketones to HPPD, three-dimensional QSAR analysis using CoMFA (comparative molecular field analysis), and evaluation of the hydrophobic contribution with HINT (hydropathic interactions) provided a structural basis to describe the ligand/receptor interactions.