Incubation scheduling by Northern Fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) in the Canadian High Arctic

Northern Fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) are a ubiquitous seabird of the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans that breed in colonies surrounded by markedly different marine environmental conditions. I have studied the incubation behavior of fulmars at a remote colony in the Canadian High Arctic, where the birds had to cross 200 km of sea-ice during the early incubation period to reach feeding areas. These fulmars completed incubation in fewer shifts and had a longer mean incubation shift duration (5.3 days) than their counterparts breeding in the Boreal oceanographic zone. In particular, the mean duration of the first incubation shift by males in successful pairs (10.3 days) was 2 days longer than that for males in unsuccessful pairs and was longer than that reported at any other colony. This exceptionally long shift by the male may be required at this site to give females enough time to recoup energetic reserves after egg-laying, at a time when marine productivity in the Arctic is still seasonably low.