Estimation of Changes in Characteristics of the Climate and Carbon Cycle in the 21st Century Accounting for the Uncertainty of Terrestrial Biota Parameter Values

ensemble simulations with the A. M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (IAP RAS) climate model (CM) for the 21st century are analyzed taking into account anthropogenic forcings in accordance with the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A2, A1B, and B1, whereas agricultural land areas were assumed to change in accordance with the Land Use Harmonization project scenarios. Different realizations within these ensemble experiments were constructed by varying two governing parameters of the terrestrial carbon cycle. The ensemble simulations were analyzed with the use of Bayesian statistics, which makes it possible to suppress the influence of unrealistic members of these experiments on their results. It is established that, for global values of the main characteristics of the terrestrial carbon cycle, the SRES scenarios used do not differ statistically from each other, so within the framework of the model, the primary productivity of terrestrial vegetation will increase in the 21st century from 74 +/- 1 to 102 +/- 13 PgC yr(-1) and the carbon storage in terrestrial vegetation will increase from 511 +/- 8 to 611 +/- 8 PgC (here and below, we indicate the mean +/- standard deviations). The mutual compensation of changes in the soil carbon stock in different regions will make global changes in the soil carbon storage in the 21st century statistically insignificant. The global CO2 uptake by terrestrial ecosystems will increase in the first half of the 21st century, whereupon it will decrease. The uncertainty interval of this variable in the middle (end) of the 21st century will be from 1.3 to 3.4 PgC yr(-1) (from 0.3 to 3.1 PgC yr(-1)). In most regions, an increase in the net productivity of terrestrial vegetation (especially outside the tropics), the accumulation of carbon in this vegetation, and changes in the amount of soil carbon stock (with the total carbon accumulation in soils of the tropics and sub-tropics and the regions of both accumulation and loss of soil carbon at higher latitudes) will be robust within the ensemble in the 21st century, as will the CO2 uptake from the atmosphere only by terrestrial ecosystems located at extratropical latitudes of Eurasia, first and foremost by the Siberian taiga. However, substantial differences in anthropogenic emissions between the SRES scenarios in the 21st century lead to statistically significant differences between these scenarios in the carbon dioxide uptake by the ocean, the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere, and changes in the surface air temperature. In particular, according to the SRES A2 (A1B, B1) scenario, in 2071-2100 the carbon flux from the atmosphere to the ocean will be 10.6 +/- 0.6 PgC yr(-1) (8.3 +/- 0.5, 5.6 +/- 0.3 PgC yr(-1)), and the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere will reach 773 +/- 28 ppmv (662 +/- 24, 534 +/- 16 ppmv) by 2100. The annual mean warming in 2071-2100 relatively to 1961-1990 will be 3.19 +/- 0.09 K (2.52 +/- 0.08, 1.84 +/- 0.06 K).