Article
Plant Sciences
Konstantinos Kotsaridis, Vassiliki A. Michalopoulou, Dimitra Tsakiri, Dina Kotsifaki, Aikaterini Kefala, Nikos Kountourakis, Patrick H. N. Celie, Michael Kokkinidis, Panagiotis F. Sarris
Summary: In this study, it was found that the fusion of Exo70B1 protein in Arabidopsis with XopP is stable at high temperatures. XopP is able to phosphorylate Exo70B1 and protect it from AtCPK5 phosphorylation, thereby evading the host's immune response.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Longyu Liu, Ying Li, Zhengyin Xu, Huan Chen, Jingyi Zhang, Brittany Manion, Fengquan Liu, Lifang Zou, Zheng Qing Fu, Gongyou Chen
Summary: This study found that XopAP overcomes stomatal immunity in plants by binding to lipids, inhibiting vacuolar acidification and leading to stomatal opening. XopAP also subverts PAMP-triggered immunity during Xoc infection, suppressing gene expression, reactive oxygen species burst, and callose deposition in host plants.
JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Plant Sciences
Geun Cheol Song, Je-Seung Jeon, Hye Kyung Choi, Hee-Jung Sim, Sang-Gyu Kim, Choong-Min Ryu
Summary: Plants release volatile compounds in response to pathogen and insect attacks, and a bacterial pathogen can activate plant volatile emission through effectors, leading to defense responses in neighboring plants.
PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
Article
Plant Sciences
Keke Wang, Wenjia Yu, Gang Yu, Lu Zhang, Liu Xian, Yali Wei, Jessica Perez-Sancho, Hao Xue, Jose S. S. Rufian, Haiyan Zhuang, Chian Kwon, Alberto P. P. Macho
Summary: In this study, it was discovered that the effector protein RipD from Ralstonia solanacearum can suppress plant immunity and enhance pathogen virulence by targeting plant vesicle-associated membrane proteins (VAMPs). Overexpression of VAMPs in plants can increase resistance to R. solanacearum.
MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Plant Sciences
Brian C. Mooney, Melissa Mantz, Emmanuelle Graciet, Pitter F. Huesgen
Summary: Pathogens and hosts are locked in an evolutionary arms race, with pathogen effectors targeting host proteins and host proteins evolving to sense and counteract these effectors. Type III effector proteases are common among bacterial pathogens and modify host proteins irreversibly. Studying effector proteases in plants provides insights into how pathogens evade host immune responses, and how hosts detect and defend against these effectors.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Margot Raffeiner, Suayib Uestuen, Tiziana Guerra, Daniela Spinti, Maria Fitzner, Sophia Sonnewald, Susanne Baldermann, Frederik Boernke
Summary: Xanthomonas effector protein XopS enhances disease susceptibility by repressing defense gene expression and suppressing stomatal immunity through interaction with and inhibition of WRKY40, a transcriptional regulator. XopS manipulation of WRKY40 stability alters downstream gene expression and phytohormone crosstalk to promote pathogen proliferation.
Review
Microbiology
Karl J. Schreiber, Ilea J. Chau-Ly, Jennifer D. Lewis
Summary: Phytopathogenic bacteria use T3SS to deliver T3SEs, which interact with host targets to attenuate immune signaling. T3SEs have diverse biochemical activities and can be difficult to predict without structural data, and some T3SEs are activated following injection into host cells.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Long-Jiao Hu, Xiao-Qin Wu, Tong-Yue Wen, Yi-Jun Qiu, Lin Rui, Yan Zhang, Jian-Ren Ye
Summary: Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a parasitic nematode species, causes severe damage to forestry in China. This study identified an effector protein, BxSCD3, which suppresses host immunity and plays a key role in the early infection stages of B. xylophilus.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Plant Sciences
Sohini Deb, C. G. Gokulan, Rajkanwar Nathawat, Hitendra K. Patel, Ramesh Sonti
Summary: Effectors that suppress effector-triggered immunity (ETI) play an important role in the co-evolution of bacterial pathogens and their host plants. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae uses multiple effectors to suppress rice immune responses, and it was found that each of these effectors can interact individually with XopQ and XopX. One of the important suppressors, XopG, plays a crucial role in regulating rice ETI.
MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Yulei Zhao, Nisha Agrawal, Hassan Ghareeb, Mohammad Tanbir Habib, Sascha Dickmeis, Jens Schwachtje, Tim E. Iven, Joachim Kopka, Ivo Feussner, Jan Schirawski
Summary: Genome comparison between the maize pathogens Ustilago maydis and Sporisorium reilianum identified a diversity region containing nearly 30 effector gene candidates. Further investigation revealed the high expression of a virulence-associated gene, vag2, and its interaction with the maize enzyme ZmCM2. The study suggests that Vag2 lowers plant SA-induced defenses by inhibiting the reaction catalyzed by ZmCM2, thereby contributing to fungal virulence.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Wei Wei, Liangsheng Xu, Hao Peng, Wenjun Zhu, Kiwamu Tanaka, Jiasen Cheng, Karen A. Sanguinet, George Vandemark, Weidong Chen
Summary: In this study, researchers identified an effector named SsPINE1 that can interact with and inactivate host PGIPs. The presence of SsPINE1 enhances the necrotrophic virulence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and reduces the resistance of plants against the fungus.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Sabine Gruschow, Catherine S. Adamson, Malcolm F. White
Summary: Type III CRISPR systems detect and defend against RNA invaders through the activation of Cas10. The effector nucleases are activated via cyclic oligoadenylate (cOA) second messenger molecules. The specificity and sensitivity of the VmeCmr system make it a potentially valuable tool for detecting SARS-CoV-2 virus RNA.
NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Marc-Andre Leblanc, Morgan R. Fink, Thomas T. Perkins, Marcelo C. Sousa
Summary: The study shows that effector proteins from certain bacteria can be injected into host cells through a type III secretion system. These proteins need to be partially unfolded to pass through the narrow channel. Mechanical unfolding of the proteins revealed that they exhibit low force and high mechanical compliance, facilitating efficient secretion.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Julia Sanchez-Garrido, David Ruano-Gallego, Jyoti S. Choudhary, Gad Frankel
Summary: Recent studies have shown that T3SS effectors interact with each other in the host, revealing their interdependency and context-dependent essentiality, which is of great significance for understanding the pathogenesis of the pathogens.
TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Tamilarasi Mani, J. Beslin Joshi, R. Priyadharshini, Jeya Sundara Sharmila, Sivakumar Uthandi
Summary: The study demonstrated that flagellin or Flg22 peptide from Xad1 can trigger plant defense responses by activating ROS scavenging enzymes, increasing PR gene expression, and down-regulating PR2 gene, therefore enhancing plant immune system.