Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Maxine A. Hoft, Lucian Duvenage, J. Claire Hoving
Summary: This article summarizes the major endemic dimorphic fungal pathogens associated with epidemics, describes their route of infection and clinical presentation, and focuses on the host's pattern recognition receptors and innate immune response to these pathogens.
Article
Microbiology
Axel Dietschmann, Sebastian Schruefer, Stefanie Westermann, Fiona Henkel, Kirstin Castiglione, Ralf Willebrand, Jasmin Adam, Jurgen Ruland, Roland Lang, Donald C. Sheppard, Julia Esser-von-Bieren, Daniel Radtke, Sven Krappmann, David Voehringer
Summary: Eosinophilia is associated with various inflammatory diseases, such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). It has been shown that direct interaction between eosinophils and Aspergillus fumigatus is essential for the activation of eosinophils, which then secrete multiple proinflammatory mediators. The PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway plays a crucial role in A. fumigatus-induced eosinophil activation.
Article
Cell Biology
Frederic Coutant, Jean-Jacques Pin, Pierre Miossec
Summary: Inflammatory monocyte-derived dendritic cells exhibit a distinct phenotype with C-type lectin receptors and intracellular proteins. The interaction between infiltrating monocytes and local mesenchymal cells is crucial for the generation of Mo-DCs in rheumatoid arthritis patients.
Article
Immunology
Tomonori Kaifu, Takumi Maruhashi, Soo-Hyun Chung, Kenji Shimizu, Akira Nakamura, Yoichiro Iwakura
Summary: Dendritic cell immunoreceptor (DCIR) is an inhibitory C-type lectin receptor that negatively regulates the immune system and bone metabolism. Previous research has shown that DCIR deficiency enhances osteoclastogenesis and antigen presentation by dendritic cells, and that the interaction between asialo-biantennary N-glycan (NA2) and DCIR suppresses osteoclastogenesis. In this study, the researchers found that DCIR regulates osteoclastogenesis by downregulating M-CSF and RANKL signaling, and that DCIR-mediated signaling may control the expression of glycosylation enzymes.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Immunology
Michal Scur, Brendon D. Parsons, Sayanti Dey, Andrew P. Makrigiannis
Summary: Our understanding of CTLRs has expanded beyond their initial roles in pathogen recognition, now encompassing scavenger receptor activity, cell death and cell transformation sensing, and immune response regulation. The diversity in expression and signaling activity among individual CTLR members, as well as the discovery of new receptor binding capabilities and interactions, cellular expression profiles, and receptor structures and signaling mechanisms, has revealed the defining roles of CTLRs in immunity. NK cell receptors, specifically the NKRP1 family of CTLRs, exemplify this functional diversity, displaying essential immune functions beyond NK cells. It is crucial to better understand the functional potential of these receptor families in immune defense and pathology, given the ever-expanding evidence for their involvement in various biological processes.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Yong Du, Marie Dominique Ah Kioon, Paoline Laurent, Vidyanath Chaudhary, Michael Pierides, Chao Yang, David Oliver, Lionel B. Ivashkiv, Franck J. Barrat
Summary: The authors describe a noncanonical role for multiple chemokines to serve as nucleic acid delivery vectors to modulate TLR signaling, with implications for the chronic presence of IFN-I in autoimmune diseases.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Mei Jin, Jian Fang, Jiao-jiao Wang, Xin Shao, Suo-wen Xu, Pei-qing Liu, Wen-cai Ye, Zhi-ping Liu
Summary: Atherosclerosis, a life-threatening cardiovascular disease, is associated with chronic inflammation and immune processes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a vital role in the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. Targeting TLRs and their regulated inflammatory events could be a promising new strategy for the treatment of atherosclerotic CVDs.
ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA SINICA
(2023)
Review
Microbiology
Theodore J. Kottom, Eva M. Carmona, Andrew H. Limper
Summary: Pneumocystis sp. is a fungal pathogen that can cause pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals. The number of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) cases worldwide has reached over 500,000, and it is considered a priority pathogen by the WHO. While the use of antiretroviral therapy has reduced PJP cases in developed countries, the cases in non-HIV individuals receiving immunosuppressive therapies have increased. The role of alveolar macrophages in the immune response to Pneumocystis is well-established, but there is also emerging evidence on the involvement of epithelial cells.
Article
Fisheries
Fei Han, Yuan Zhang, Na Song, Tianxiang Gao
Summary: This study focused on the burbot fish and characterized 19 Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes in it, examining their expression patterns after pathogen exposure. The researchers found that TLR genes, essential in the fish's innate immune system, were tandemly repeated, indicating an evolution in the fish's immune system. Different TLR subfamilies showed tissue-specific expressions, and the response of TLR genes to pathogen exposure was also investigated. The results revealed time and tissue-specific expression patterns and highlighted the crucial role of TLR genes in the burbot's immune response.
FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Adriana Dominguez-Flores, Gloria M. Rodriguez Lopez, Rodolfo Soria-Castro, Ruben Lopez-Santiago, Octavio Rodriguez-Cortes, Sonia M. Perez-Tapia, Alma D. Chavez-Blanco, Sergio Estrada-Parra, Raul Flores-Mejia, Rommel Chacon-Salinas
Summary: Brucella abortus, a Gram-negative bacteria, is a major cause of brucellosis in animals and humans. This study analyzed the role of innate immune receptors TLR2 and TLR4 in mast cell activation during B. abortus infection. The results showed that B. abortus induced the synthesis of several cytokines and activated key cell signaling molecules in mast cells. Blockade of TLR2 and TLR4 receptors decreased the release of TNF-alpha and IL-6 by mast cells in response to B. abortus. Overall, mast cells are activated by B. abortus and may contribute to the inflammatory response during the initial phase of the infection.
MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS
(2023)
Article
Hematology
Ruth Shiloh, Ruth Lubin, Odeya David, Ifat Geron, Elimelech Okon, Idit Hazan, Marketa Zaliova, Gil Amarilyo, Yehudit Birger, Yael Borovitz, Dafna Brik, Arnon Broides, Sarit Cohen-Kedar, Liora Harel, Eyal Kristal, Daria Kozlova, Galina Ling, Mika Shapira Rootman, Noa Shefer Averbuch, Shiri Spielman, Jan Trka, Shai Izraeli, Simon Yona, Sarah Elitzur
Summary: In this study, the molecular pathway leading to histiocytosis and inflammation in H syndrome, a genetic disorder, was revealed through analysis of primary cells from patients. Loss of function of ENT3 was found to activate nucleoside-sensing toll-like receptors and downstream MAPK signaling, inducing cytokine secretion and inflammation. MEK inhibitor therapy showed effectiveness in resolving histiocytosis and inflammation in a patient with H syndrome.
Article
Immunology
Jacob H. L. Thomas, Liang Lui, Andrew Abell, William Tieu, Andrew A. Somogyi, Juliana E. Bajic, Mark R. Hutchinson
Summary: The study found that reducing TLR signaling pathway can enhance acute analgesic effects, but only male TIR8 deficient mice showed less morphine analgesia. TLR2 and TLR4 deficient mice can prevent analgesic tolerance, but MyD88 animals cannot. Withdrawal behaviors are only protected in TLR2(-/-) mice.
BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ali Keshavarz, Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi, Parisa Zafari, Nader Bagheri, Seyed H. Ghaffari, Davood Bashash
Summary: TLRs play a crucial role in immune system, but misregulation is linked to cancer development. Aberrant expression of TLRs allows cancer cells to escape immune surveillance and promotes proliferation and angiogenesis.
Article
Anatomy & Morphology
Yanhong Mi, Xiaoxiao Xie, Zhongkun Bao, Xiaoyu Xiong, Xinhong Wang, Hongxi Zhang
Summary: The study aimed to investigate the protective effect of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) on necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and its mechanism. Results showed that DMF attenuated NEC-induced weight loss and abdominal distension diarrhea, alleviated intestinal pathological injuries, and inhibited intestinal cell apoptosis. These effects were related to the inhibition of the TLR signaling pathway and alleviation of the inflammatory response.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Maria Klatka, Agnieszka Polak, Paulina Mertowska, Sebastian Mertowski, Jakub Lyczba, Anna Hymos, Izabela Korona-Glowniak, Ewelina Grywalska
Summary: Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, or HD, is a common thyroid disorder. Research has focused on the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), particularly TLR2, in the pathogenesis of HD. This study found a significant increase in TLR2 expression on immune cells and a higher concentration of soluble TLR2 in plasma in HD patients compared to healthy individuals. TLR2 expression also correlated with thyroid function indicators. These findings suggest that TLR2 may be involved in the immunopathogenesis of HD.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
