Muscular Adaptations to Short-term Low-frequency Downhill Walking Training

This study examined muscular adaptations of knee extensors following short-term low-frequency downhill walking training. 22 young males (training group: TG, n = 12; control group: CG, n = 10) participated. TG conducted 40-min downhill treadmill walking (load: 10 % of body mass, gradient: 28 %, velocity: 5 km/h) 1 session/week for 4 weeks. Before and after the intervention, muscle thickness of knee extensors and maximal knee extension torques in eccentric (-120, -60, -30 degrees/s), isometric (0 degrees/s), and concentric (30, 60, 120, 240 degrees/s) conditions were measured. For TG, muscle damage markers were also measured before and up to 72 h following each session. After the intervention, CG did not show any changes in all variables. TG had significant increases in maximal knee extension torques at all angular velocities, with higher relative gains in eccentric torques (+ 24 % on average) than isometric (+ 13 %) and concentric (+ 12 % on average) torques. No changes were found in the muscle thickness. Although considerable muscle damage was observed after the first training session in TG, the magnitudes of changes in all markers following the second to fourth sessions were minimal. These results indicate that even with relatively short-term and low-frequency, downhill walking training can increase the strength capacity of knee extensors, especially in eccentric strength.