Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Zongwei Li, Yaying Song, Tingting He, Ruoxue Wen, Yongfang Li, Tingting Chen, Shuxian Huang, Yongting Wang, Yaohui Tang, FanXia Shen, Heng-Li Tian, Guo-Yuan Yang, Zhijun Zhang
Summary: M2 microglial small extracellular vesicles decreased glial scar formation and promoted recovery after stroke through miR-124, inhibiting astrocyte proliferation and transforming them into neuronal progenitor cells. These vesicles also downregulated Notch 1 expression and upregulated Sox2 expression in astrocytes.
Article
Clinical Neurology
Yingfang Liang, Gangqi Wang, Bixun Li, Guoliang Li, Hao Zeng
Summary: This study aimed to summarize the clinical features of Autoimmune Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Astrocytosis mimicking tuberculosis meningitis. The clinical manifestations, cerebrospinal fluid results, and imaging data of five patients were retrospectively analyzed. Anti-GFAP antibody testing should be routinely performed in patients with suspected tuberculosis meningitis to avoid misdiagnosis.
JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY
(2023)
Review
Emergency Medicine
Yu Zhang, Shuhai Yang, Chang Liu, Xiaoxiao Han, Xiaosong Gu, Songlin Zhou
Summary: Spinal cord injury often results in permanent disability due to the loss of functional recovery. The formation of a glial scar around the damaged tissue can interrupt the healing process, and therapeutic treatments targeting scar components are important for improving functional recovery.
Review
Cell Biology
Lucila Perez-Gianmarco, Maria Kukley
Summary: Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects millions of people, mainly young individuals, causing deficits in sensory, motor, and autonomic functions. Regrowth of axons is a crucial goal for neurological recovery after SCI, but is challenging due to the formation of a glial scar. Traditionally considered detrimental, recent evidence suggests that glial scars are beneficial for surrounding spared tissue. Experimental studies in rodent models have shown that removal of specific glial cell populations disrupts scar organization, increases inflammation, extends tissue degeneration, and impairs recovery after SCI.
Article
Clinical Neurology
Yong-Ming Zhu, Liang Lin, Chao Wei, Yi Guo, Yuan Qin, Zhong-Sheng Li, Thomas A. Kent, Claire E. McCoy, Zhan-Xiang Wang, Yong Ni, Xian-Yong Zhou, Hui-Ling Zhang
Summary: The study shows that RIP1K plays a crucial role in ischemic stroke by affecting astrocyte responses and regulating the VEGF-D/VEGFR-3 signaling pathway to promote glial scar formation. Inhibition of RIP1K can enhance brain functional recovery, partially by suppressing astrogliosis and glial scar formation.
TRANSLATIONAL STROKE RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Pratishtha Chatterjee, Lisa Vermunt, Brian A. Gordon, Steve Pedrini, Lynn Boonkamp, Nicola J. Armstrong, Chengjie Xiong, Abhay K. Singh, Yan Li, Hamid R. Sohrabi, Kevin Taddei, Mark Molloy, Tammie L. S. Benzinger, John C. Morris, Celeste Karch, Sarah Berman, Jasmeer Chhatwal, Carlos Cruchaga, Neill R. Graff-Radford, Gregory S. Day, Martin Farlow, Nick Fox, Alison Goate, Jason Hassenstab, Jae-Hong Lee, Johannes Levin, Eric McDade, Hiroshi Mori, Richard Perrin, Raquel Sanchez-Valle, Peter R. Schofield, Allan Levey, Mathias Jucker, Colin L. Masters, Anne M. Fagan, Randall J. Bateman, Ralph N. Martins, Charlotte Teunissen
Summary: This study found that plasma GFAP levels increase a decade before symptom onset in AD and are associated with Aβ load, neurodegeneration, and cognitive decline.
ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA
(2023)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Jingwei Zheng, Haijian Wu, Xiaoyu Wang, Guoqiang Zhang, Jia'nan Lu, Weilin Xu, Shenbin Xu, Yuanjian Fang, Anke Zhang, Anwen Shao, Sheng Chen, Zhen Zhao, Jianmin Zhang, Jun Yu
Summary: This study aimed to investigate the role of microglia-astrocyte interaction in glial scar formation after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The findings suggest that sustained microglial depletion during the early stage of ICH leads to disorganized astrocytic scar, enhanced neutrophil infiltration, and impaired tissue repair. Mechanistically, microglia-derived insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF1) modulates astrocytic scar formation via mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling activation. Additionally, repopulating microglia more strongly activate mTOR signaling, facilitating a more protective scar formation. At the chronic stage of ICH, the overall net effect of astrocytic scar changes from protective to destructive. Early-stage IGF1/OPN treatment combined with late-stage PLX3397 treatment is proposed as a promising therapeutic strategy.
JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS
(2023)
Article
Cell Biology
Marco Aurelio M. Freire, Rafael Rodrigues Lima, Leonardo Oliveira Bittencourt, Joanilson S. Guimaraes, Daniel Falcao, Walace Gomes-Leal
Summary: Secondary degeneration refers to a series of destructive events that occur in cells and structures initially unaffected by primary injury, and it is a critical factor in functional impairment following traumatic brain injury or stroke. This study investigated the effects of endothelin-1 injection on astrocytosis, inflammatory response, axonal damage, and oligodendrocyte/myelin impairment in the internal capsule. Neutrophils were observed at 1 day post-lesion (PLD), followed by macrophage/microglia activation at 3 PLD and peak astrocytic reaction at 7 PLD. Oligodendrocyte damage was notable at 3 PLD and persisted at 7 PLD. Progressive myelin impairment and axonal lesion were also observed, particularly at 7 PLD. These findings suggest that the acute inflammatory response triggered by ischemic insult in the striatum may contribute to axonal impairment, oligodendrocyte damage, and myelin sheath degradation in the internal capsule, which ultimately leads to tissue dysfunction in secondary degeneration.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Xue Gao, Salman Zeb, Yuan-Yuan He, Yi Guo, Yong-Ming Zhu, Xian-Yong Zhou, Hui-Ling Zhang
Summary: This study found that valproic acid (VPA) has neuroprotective effects against ischemic stroke and inhibits glial scar formation by inhibiting histone deacetylase and inducing Hsp70.1B.
Article
Neurosciences
Tetsuya Tamaru, Kazu Kobayakawa, Hirokazu Saiwai, Daijiro Konno, Ken Kijima, Shingo Yoshizaki, Kazuhiro Hata, Hirotaka Iura, Gentaro Ono, Yohei Haruta, Kazuki Kitade, Kei-Ichiro Iida, Ken-Ichi Kawaguchi, Yoshihiro Matsumoto, Kensuke Kubota, Takeshi Maeda, Seiji Okada, Yasuharu Nakashima
Summary: Spinal cord injury causes different phenotypic changes in astrocytes, leading to glial scar formation. The characteristics of glial scars change over time, but scar-forming astrocytes have autonomous function to form and maintain glial scars.
EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Rafael Rodrigues Lima, Ana Carolina Alves Oliveira, Rafael Monteiro Fernandes, Priscila Cunha Nascimento, Marco Aurelio M. Freire, Walace Gomes-Leal
Summary: Stroke, a leading cause of death and disabilities, results in debilitating conditions due to disturbances in cerebral blood vessels. Besides primary metabolic collapse, secondary events like excitotoxicity, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress contribute to additional cell death and functional impairment. This study found that primary ischemic damage in the dorsal striatum can lead to secondary white matter damage in the surrounding corpus callosum in adult rats.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Dunja Bijelic, Marija Adzic, Mina Peric, Igor Jakovcevski, Eckart Foerster, Melitta Schachner, Pavle R. Andjus
Summary: The study found that different fragments of TnC can affect astrocyte proliferation and GFAP expression levels after spinal cord injury. These results may explain the delayed reaction of astrocytes and their localization to the injury site border to allow microglia/macrophages to form a lesion core during the initial stages of glial scar formation.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Cell Biology
Dana Klatt Shaw, Vishnu Muraleedharan Saraswathy, Lili Zhou, Anthony R. McAdow, Brooke Burris, Emily Butka, Samantha A. Morris, Sabine Dietmann, Mayssa H. Mokalled
Summary: Zebrafish possess specialized glial cells that spontaneously repair spinal cord injuries, while mammals lack the essential gene regulatory network that reprograms pro-regenerative zebrafish glia after injury.Activation of an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition gene program in zebrafish glia is a major factor distinguishing mammalian and zebrafish glia.
DEVELOPMENTAL CELL
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Madigan M. Reid, Ludmila Belayev, Larissa Khoutorova, Pranab K. Mukherjee, Andre Obenaus, Kierany Shelvin, Stacey Knowles, Sung-Ha Hong, Nicolas G. Bazan
Summary: This study demonstrates that intranasal delivery of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid Elovanoid precursors can provide neuroprotection, improve neurological deficit, decrease brain lesions, promote neurogenesis, and modulate inflammatory and immune-related genes.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2023)
Article
Cell Biology
Meghan Gage, Megan Gard, Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
Summary: This study reports the development of glial scars in the piriform cortex in rodents with systemic chemoconvulsant-induced status epilepticus. Glial scars were characterized by reactive microglia and astrocytes, and showed differences in density between male and female animals. Further investigation is needed to understand the mechanisms of scar development and potential mitigation strategies.
FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2022)
