Article
Engineering, Mechanical
S. J. Ye, Y. F. Xu, Y. Zhou, J. C. Cheng, J. Y. Huang, Y. Cai, X. H. Yao, S. N. Luo
Summary: This study investigates the penetration dynamics of spherical steel projectiles with different diameters into ballistic gelatin at different incident velocities. A power-law relation is found between the maximum penetration depth and projectile kinetic energy at high incident velocities, while a generalized relation is established for low, intermediate, and high-speed penetration. The drag force of the projectile is analyzed to explain the relation between projectile acceleration and velocity. A calibrated finite element model is able to reproduce the experimental observations accurately.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Li Liu, Yurun Fan, Pengfei Wang, Xufang Zhang, Qianqian Lu
Summary: The study focuses on the penetration mechanism of spherical projectiles into soft tissues using ballistic gelatin in ballistic tests. A theoretical motion model based on the cavity expansion theory was established, providing a basis for understanding the interaction of small arms ammunition and soft tissues. The resistance force model for spherical projectiles was developed through the analysis and solutions of the cylindrical cavity expansion model.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART C-JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Li Liu, Xiao-Yi Yang, Yu Huang, Peng-Fei Wang, Qiang Zuo
Summary: In this study, a dynamic spherical-cavity-expansion model for gelatin targets was proposed to investigate the expansion mechanism of the temporary cavity produced by high-speed penetrators. The model considered the outer boundary size and established the energy conversion and conservation relation during the cavity expansion process. Experimental results of different shaped high-speed penetrators penetrating into ballistic gelatin were analyzed, and the model predictions were verified to be reliable.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART C-JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Li Liu, Chuan Ding, Pengfei Wang, Xufang Zhang, Qianqian Lu
Summary: This paper introduced a simplified 2-DOF motion model to describe the yawing motion of rifle bullets in gelatin, which can predict the yawing motion more accurately than previous models. By conducting experiments and analyzing the data, it was found that the striking yaw angle plays a crucial role in the growth of the yaw angle and significantly affects the penetration depth of the bullet when it tumbles through 90 degrees.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
George L. Blaisdell, Terry D. Melendy, Marin N. Blaisdell
Summary: Through experiments, it is concluded that snow-based ballistic protection structures can be quickly erected in suitable environments, providing reliable protection against small and medium arms fire.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Li Liu, Anping Wan, Pengfei Wang, Qianqian Lu, Qiang Zuo
Summary: Modeling the penetration dynamics of fragments in gelatin, this study established a model describing both the penetration resistance and the temporary cavity dynamics, using the law of energy conversion and conservation. The model accurately predicted the movement of the penetrator and the cavity expansion in the target, as validated by experimental results.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART C-JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Ecology
Shamil F. Debaere, Colin M. Donihue, Anthony Herrel, Sam Van Wassenbergh
Summary: Hurricanes have been shown to drive selection in Neotropical anoles, with survivors displaying longer toepads but surprisingly, shorter femurs. One potential explanation for this is the increased drag on individuals with longer femurs, causing them to be blown off their perch. By using computational fluid dynamics, researchers quantified drag forces on Anolis lizard models in realistic perching positions to understand the form-function relationships of drag reduction in high-velocity winds.
FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Lang Li, Qian-Cheng Zhang, Tian Jian Lu
Summary: This study investigates the ballistic performance of a metallic plate that undergoes continuous deformation before being impacted by a projectile. Experimental tests and numerical simulations are conducted to explore the physical mechanisms underlying the deformation effect and quantify the effects of pre-imparted impulse, target plate's shock resistance, and projectile's nose shape on the ballistic performance. The results provide valuable guidance for anti-penetration design of deforming steel plates.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Mechanics
Frederick Ouellet, Bertrand Rollin, Bradford Durant, Rahul Babu Koneru, S. Balachandar
Summary: This article investigates the emerging research area of shock-driven multiphase instability in the multiphase flow community, studying the behavior of gas-particle interactions through numerical simulations and comparing simulated and experimental results under different conditions. Factors affecting the evolution of multiphase instabilities are analyzed, providing insights into the behavior of shock-driven multiphase instability.
Article
Mechanics
Luoqin Liu
Summary: This letter presents a new similarity law for steady transonic-supersonic flow over thin bodies at a small angle of attack. The law is based on extrapolation of lift and drag coefficient slopes at a sonic point, and incorporates the effect of transverse process on the drag coefficient. The new law depends on both the free-stream Mach number and the specific heat ratio, and is confirmed to be valid through excellent agreement with numerical data.
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Rui Zhang, Bin Han, Tian Jian Lu
Summary: This review examines the use of ceramic materials in armour systems, highlighting the importance of confinement in enhancing performance. It explores various confinement effects on ceramic performance and discusses future opportunities and challenges in the development of ceramic-based armour systems.
INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS REVIEWS
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Cassio Dauber, Marcelo Dal Bo, Dachamir Hotza, Annelise Kopp Alves
Summary: Porcelain tiles, with their excellent technical properties and availability, can be used as an alternative armor material. Chemical tempering procedure can enhance the mechanical properties and ballistic performance of porcelain tiles.
CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Review
Engineering, Mechanical
R. Dubey, R. Jayaganthan, D. Ruan, N. K. Gupta, N. Jones, R. Velmurugan
Summary: This study evaluates the mechanical response of 6xxx series aluminium alloys under dynamic loads, focusing on the ballistic behavior and failure mechanisms at different temperatures. It also reviews analytical and numerical models, as well as empirical equations proposed in previous works. Further investigation is needed to validate the applicability of these equations.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Bazle Z. (Gama) Haque, John W. Gillespie
Summary: This study presents an analysis of the depth of penetration (DoP) experimental data of Dyneema (R) HB26 hard ballistic laminates using an energy approach. Several DoP experimental parameters have been identified and calculated, and a simple penetration model has been developed to predict the projectile motion and penetration resistance force during DoP experiments.
JOURNAL OF THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Oscar Gutierrez-Varela, Ruben Santamaria
Summary: The study further reveals the molecular nature of the drag force exerted by a fluid on a body using Newtonian and Brownian theories. The results not only show good agreement with experimental data, but also demonstrate the hydrodynamic limit for very small objects.
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR LIQUIDS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Li Liu, Yurun Fan, Wei Li
JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS
(2014)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Li Liu, Chuan Ding, Pengfei Wang
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART K-JOURNAL OF MULTI-BODY DYNAMICS
(2020)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Li Liu, Yurun Fan, Pengfei Wang, Xufang Zhang, Qianqian Lu
Summary: The study focuses on the penetration mechanism of spherical projectiles into soft tissues using ballistic gelatin in ballistic tests. A theoretical motion model based on the cavity expansion theory was established, providing a basis for understanding the interaction of small arms ammunition and soft tissues. The resistance force model for spherical projectiles was developed through the analysis and solutions of the cylindrical cavity expansion model.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART C-JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Li Liu, Anping Wan, Pengfei Wang, Qianqian Lu, Qiang Zuo
Summary: Modeling the penetration dynamics of fragments in gelatin, this study established a model describing both the penetration resistance and the temporary cavity dynamics, using the law of energy conversion and conservation. The model accurately predicted the movement of the penetrator and the cavity expansion in the target, as validated by experimental results.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART C-JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Li Liu, Chuan Ding, Pengfei Wang, Xufang Zhang, Qianqian Lu
Summary: This paper introduced a simplified 2-DOF motion model to describe the yawing motion of rifle bullets in gelatin, which can predict the yawing motion more accurately than previous models. By conducting experiments and analyzing the data, it was found that the striking yaw angle plays a crucial role in the growth of the yaw angle and significantly affects the penetration depth of the bullet when it tumbles through 90 degrees.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Yu Huang, Wei Shao, Wen Yu, Li Liu, Chuan Ding, Jian Ruan
Summary: This paper studies the mechanical efficiency of a 2D piston pump and redesigns it by changing its suspension rotation into rail rotation to reduce mechanical loss. A mathematical model is built to analyze the relationship between load and mechanical loss caused by the rolling of cone rollers on guiding rails using Hertz contact theory. Test results demonstrate that the new design improves the mechanical efficiency compared to the traditional design, and the material change further enhances the efficiency of the developed 2D piston pump.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART C-JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Li Liu, Xiao-Yi Yang, Yu Huang, Peng-Fei Wang, Qiang Zuo
Summary: In this study, a dynamic spherical-cavity-expansion model for gelatin targets was proposed to investigate the expansion mechanism of the temporary cavity produced by high-speed penetrators. The model considered the outer boundary size and established the energy conversion and conservation relation during the cavity expansion process. Experimental results of different shaped high-speed penetrators penetrating into ballistic gelatin were analyzed, and the model predictions were verified to be reliable.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART C-JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Li Liu, Yang Lu
JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY-SCIENCE A
(2018)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
A. P. Simonov, I. V. Sergeichev
Summary: The direct impact method provides a higher sample deformation rate and reliable results for materials with low yield strength and hardening rate. This study proposes an alternative procedure for calculating the strain rate in order to improve accuracy of the direct impact method for a wide range of metals and alloys. The proposed method has been validated through finite element analysis and direct impact tests, and it qualitatively changes the shape of the stress-strain curve by adding an unloading area.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Qiang Wei, Zifeng Li
Summary: This study investigates the dynamic bifurcation of a column when it impacts a rigid plane vertically, which is different from the classical Eulerian static buckling. The findings show that either the dimensionless critical buckling time or the dimensionless critical buckling velocity can be used to determine whether buckling has occurred. Different dimensionless initial defects in the column result in different dimensionless displacement responses, and the nonlinear effect influences the analysis results.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
M. C. Price, M. J. Cole, K. H. Harriss, L. S. Alesbrook, M. J. Burchell, P. J. Wozniakiewicz
Summary: This article introduces a new gas gun developed at the Centre for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, University of Kent, which can produce vertical impacts at speeds up to 2 km/s. The gun design, assembly, operation, and ancillary components are described in detail. The experimental results demonstrate that the gun performs as expected.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Fanny Gant, Gabriel Seisson, Patrice Longere, Skander El Mai, Jean-Luc Zinszner
Summary: The article investigates the high strain rate response of metals and alloys under radial expansion and compares different materials. The results show that different materials exhibit different responses in terms of deformation and fracture.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
M. D. Fitzgerald, J. D. Pecover, N. Petrinic, D. E. Eakins
Summary: This study investigates the mechanism for the destruction of thick flyers accelerated using electric guns and proposes strategies for mitigating their break-up based on experimental results and mathematical models. The findings suggest that limiting the maximum pressure within the flyer and extending the current rise time can prevent flyer failure, increasing the efficiency and shock duration of the electric gun.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Guowen Gao, Enling Tang, Guolai Yang, Yafei Han, Mengzhou Chang, Kai Guo, Liping He
Summary: In this study, the dynamic constitutive model of Al/Ep/W material was investigated and verified through experiments and numerical simulations. The proposed model accurately described the mechanical behavior of the material under high strain rates, providing an important reference for evaluating the response characteristics of the new energetic material projectile to lightweight aluminum armor.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Minzu Liang, Meng Zhou, Xiangyu Li, Yuliang Lin, Fangyun Lu
Summary: UHMWPE fiber mesh reinforced polyurea composites improve structural strength and blast resistance performance, and can alter the failure mode. Loose filler is generated as polyurea melts and fragments penetrate. Joint loads are classified into three categories based on their connection and duration.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Ashutosh Jha, Guglielmo Cimolai, Iman Dayyani
Summary: The present article introduces the Zero Poisson's Ratio Fish Cells metamaterial and investigates the effects of Poisson's ratio on the crashworthiness of different lattice structures. Numerical results demonstrate that the Zero Poisson's Ratio model possesses greater stability and structural integrity with minimal edge deformations.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Hongbo Zhang, Dayong Hu, Xubin Ye, Xin Chen, Yuhuai He
Summary: This study investigated the impact of spherical foreign objects on simulated blade edges through experimental and theoretical analysis. The experimental results showed that increasing impact energy resulted in larger damage sizes, and three distinct types of deformations were observed in FOD. Accurate FOD prediction models were developed using linear and power formulas. The theoretical analysis using a spring-mass system based on Winkler's elastic-plastic foundation theory yielded results in good agreement with experimental measurements, providing a reference for fatigue life assessment of aeroengine blades.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
L. M. Reitter, Y. A. Malik, A. B. Jahn, I. V. Roisman, J. Hussong
Summary: This study characterizes the dynamic strength of wet granular ice layers through impact tests. The results reveal strong connections between ice particles in ice layers generated by ice crystal accretion. Comparable strength values can be obtained by reinforcing ice particle connections in ice layers prepared in the laboratory.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Kyle Mao, Genevieve Toussaint, Alexandra Komrakova, James D. Hogan
Summary: In this study, the Generalized Incremental Stress State dependent damage MOdel (GISSMO) is used to simulate the high-velocity impact failure of Armox 500T steel. The GISSMO is calibrated and validated using experimental data from the literature, and is then applied to investigate the impact failure behaviors of bi-layered steel systems. The results provide new capabilities and insights for the design of armor structures and evaluation of impact failure behaviors in Armox 500T/RHA bi-layered systems.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Asim Onder
Summary: This paper investigates the performance of bumper plates with wavy surfaces under hypervelocity impact and finds that they are more effective in decreasing the impact energy compared to flat plates. The study also reveals the distinctive debris cloud generation that has never been reported before.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Zhi-Yong Yin, Xiao-wei Chen
Summary: This study numerically reveals three typical fracture modes of explosively-driven metal shells and investigates the influencing factors of different fracture modes through experimental data and dimensional analysis.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Jiri Pachman, David J. Chapman, Marek Foglar, Martin Kunzel, William G. Proud
Summary: Through the study of different types of concrete, it was found that despite their compositional complexity, range of compressive strengths, and reinforcement methods, the average Hugoniot data were remarkably similar between different concrete types.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Konstantin Kappe, Klaus Hoschke, Werner Riedel, Stefan Hiermaier
Summary: This paper presents a multi-objective optimization procedure for effectively designing gradient lattice structures under dynamic loading. The aim is to maximize energy absorption characteristics and achieve a lightweight design. Through considering design variables such as the relative density and density gradient, the peak crushing force reduction and maximized specific energy absorption are simultaneously optimized. A simplified beam-based finite element model is used to efficiently model and simulate the lattice structures. An artificial neural network is trained to predict energy absorbing characteristics and find optimal lattice structure configurations. The network is trained using a multi response adaptive sampling algorithm, allowing parallel simulation with automatically generated finite element models. A multi-objective genetic algorithm is then used to find optimal combinations of design parameters for lattice structures under different impact velocities and cell topologies.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMPACT ENGINEERING
(2024)