Article
Construction & Building Technology
Jinsong Tu, Yijing Wang, Ming Zhou, Yu Zhang
Summary: In this study, an improved random aggregate adding method was used to develop a microscopic model of glazed hollow bead insulation concrete (GHBIC), and the model's effectiveness was verified through a test. The heat transfer performance of GHBIC was studied, showing that the glazed hollow bead effectively blocked the heat flow channel of GHBIC. A mathematical model for the thermal conductivity of GHBIC was established, considering the fineness of glazed hollow bead.
JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Hong Nam Thai, Ken Kawamoto, Hoang Giang Nguyen, Toshihiro Sakaki, Toshiko Komatsu, Per Moldrup
Summary: Cool road pavements help mitigate urban heat islands. Understanding heat transport parameters such as thermal conductivity and heat capacity is crucial for selecting suitable road construction materials. This study measured the thermal conductivity and heat capacity of recycled concrete and clay brick aggregates and proposed a new model for estimating the thermal conductivity of recycled aggregates for roadbed materials.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Shuoyu Wang, Ahmed Abdulridha, Clay Naito, Spencer Quiel, Muhannad Suleiman, Carlos Romero, Sudhakar Neti
Summary: The study examines different concrete mix designs to improve thermal performance for energy storage at high temperatures. Various factors such as aggregate type and percentage, cementitious materials, water-cement ratio, steel fiber reinforcement, and iron oxide powder were experimentally investigated. The results showed that using siliceous aggregate with high volumetric percentage and silica fume replacement of Type I cement significantly enhanced thermal conductivity and specific heat of the concrete. Concrete mix designs with high aggregate percentages, siliceous coarse aggregate, silica fume replacement, and steel fiber reinforcement demonstrated consistent thermal performance under cyclic high temperature exposure.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Kirubajiny Pasupathy, Sayanthan Ramakrishnan, Jay Sanjayan
Summary: Increasing the alkali content in the mix enhances the reaction kinetics of brick powder, leading to rapid formation of geopolymer gel and subsequently improving the mechanical properties and setting time of BGFCs. The developed BGFCs show a significant reduction in carbon emissions compared to Ordinary Portland cement foamed concrete.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Hongyang Xie, Jianjun Dong, Yong Deng, Yiwen Dai
Summary: This paper explores the low energy resource utilization of construction waste in order to achieve resource conservation, protect the environment, and achieve sustainable development in the construction industry. The study investigates the physical and mechanical properties of recycled brick powder foam concrete by conducting an orthogonal test with various factors and levels. Five machine learning models were used to predict the compressive strength of the concrete, and the PSO-BP model showed superior accuracy and stability. The results and models provide valuable references for the research and application of recycled brick powder foam concrete.
ADVANCES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Xudong Xie, Wenquan Zhang, Xuezhen Luan, Weijun Gao, Xiaoyu Geng, Ying Xue
Summary: Agricultural wastes can be used as excellent insulation materials to improve the thermal performance of rural buildings. In this study, different kinds of agricultural wastes were filled into hollow bricks, and the results showed that filling agricultural wastes significantly improved the insulation performance. Rice straws were found to be the most effective in reducing the overall heat transfer coefficient.
CASE STUDIES IN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Mathematics, Applied
Igor Miroshnichenko, Nikita S. Gibanov, Mikhail A. Sheremet
Summary: This article develops a numerical algorithm to solve the complex heat transfer problem in hollow bricks. The finite-difference method is used to solve the governing equations, and a detailed description of the procedure for thickening the computational grid is provided. It is found that the emissivity of interior surfaces significantly affects the heat transfer through hollow bricks.
Article
Thermodynamics
Chaoling Han, Lidan He, Zhizheng Tian, Bo Xu, Zhenqian Chen
Summary: This study evaluated a new heat dissipation device with a composite heat sink of a loop heat pipe system for efficient cooling of electronic components. Experimental results showed that fitting a graphene copper foil heat sink significantly improved temperature performance and reduced hot spot temperatures under different heat loads. The study proposed a valuable method for improving chip cooling uniformity and heat management of the system.
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Darius Maciunas, Szymon Nosewicz, Rimantas Kacianauskas, Renata Boris, Rimvydas Stonys
Summary: The objective of this paper was to study the heat transfer of modified lightweight refractory concrete at the microscopic scale. The material was treated as a porous composite made of calcium aluminate cement and aluminosilicate cenospheres. The presence of air inclusions within the cenospheres was found to reduce the thermal performance. The research employed numerical, theoretical, and experimental approaches to investigate the subject, including scanning electron microscopy imaging, simplified geometrical models, and a finite element framework.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Amjad Khabaz
Summary: This study investigates the improvement of thermal performance in conventional external walls of concrete buildings in hot regions. Three environmentally friendly scenarios were introduced to enhance the efficiency of the walls against heat transfer. The results showed that the combination of an air layer and a green layer on the exterior side of the wall yielded the best thermal performance.
JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING
(2023)
Review
Construction & Building Technology
Shuoyu Wang, Ahmed Abdulridha, Julio Bravo, Clay Naito, Spencer Quiel, Muhannad Suleiman, Carlos Romero, Sudhakar Neti, Alparslan Oztekin
Summary: This study investigates the thermal performance of concrete for thermal energy storage (TES) applications. The influence of concrete constituents on thermal conductivity and specific heat is summarized based on literature and experimentation. It is found that concrete with siliceous aggregate, low water/cement ratios, and steel fibers exhibit better overall thermal properties. Numerical simulations are conducted to evaluate the impact of concrete thermal property variability on TES capabilities.
CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Mohd Zulkifly Abdullah, Kok Hwa Yu, Hao Yuan Loh, Roslan Kamarudin, Prem Gunnasegaran, Abdusalam Alkhwaji
Summary: The study found that the density, thermal conductivity, and viscosity of Cu-Ni hybrid nanofluids increase with volume fraction, while the specific heat capacity at constant pressure decreases with volume fraction.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Juan Enrique Martinez-Martinez, Felipe Pedro Alvarez Rabanal, Mariano Lazaro, Mar Alonso-Martinez, Daniel Alvear, Juan Jose del Coz-Diaz
Summary: This study investigates the thermal properties of different types of structural lightweight concrete at varying temperatures and highlights the significant impact of moisture content, temperature, and porosity on these properties. The findings suggest a need to update Eurocodes 2 and 4 to better reflect the thermal properties of LWC.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Noor Fifinatasha Shahedan, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Norsuria Mahmed, Andri Kusbiantoro, Sam Tammas-Williams, Long-Yuan Li, Ikmal Hakem Aziz, Petrica Vizureanu, Jerzy J. Wyslocki, Katarzyna Bloch, Marcin Nabialek
Summary: This paper presents analytical research on a novel material, geopolymer concrete, which includes glass bubble, fly ash, and alkaline activators. The inclusion of glass bubble in the composite improved the physicomechanical and thermal insulating properties, making it a viable option for use in the construction industry.
Article
Thermodynamics
M. Venkatesan, M. Raja, S. Sivalaksmi, S. Suresh
Summary: The novel wall construction method reduces energy consumption for room cooling and material requirements, while the hollow wall with air gap shows better heat transfer characteristics compared to solid wall.
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yibo Ren, Ying Han, Shun Yan, Jiapeng Sun, Zhenxin Duan, Hua Chen, Xu Ran
Summary: Different powder metallurgical Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb compacts were prepared with varying microstructures. The compact with a bimodal grain structure showed a good combination of high compressive strength and improved compression ratio at room temperature, but exhibited different deformation behaviors at high temperatures.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS ENGINEERING AND PERFORMANCE
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Bingqian Xu, Jiapeng Sun, Jing Han, Zhenquan Yang, Hao Zhou, Lirong Xiao, Songsong Xu, Ying Han, Aibin Ma, Guosong Wu
Summary: Hierarchical precipitates composed of various phases in a fine-grain magnesium-gadolinium-silver alloy obtained through ECAP and subsequent peak-aging process facilitate corrosion to some extent, but their spatial redistribution improves the material's corrosion resistance possibly due to the formation of a protective corrosion product film.
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Zhenquan Yang, Aibin Ma, Bingqian Xu, Jinghua Jiang, Haoran Wu, Jiapeng Sun
Summary: The novel stepless-temperature-reduction ECAP approach demonstrates advantages in microstructure refining and texture modifying of Mg-Al alloys, resulting in ultrafine grain structure and high tensile yield strength.
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Lian Hua, Jiapeng Sun, Guosong Wu
Summary: A facile strategy is proposed in this study to control the corrosion behavior of hydrothermally-treated magnesium-aluminum alloys, and aging treatment is attempted to modify their metallurgical microstructure. After hydrothermal treatment, both the unaged and the aged alloy have a layer of dense coating, but the aged alloy shows better corrosion resistance.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jianqing Chen, Yehan Su, Qiyu Zhang, Jiapeng Sun, Donghui Yang, Jinghua Jiang, Dan Song, Aibin Ma
Summary: A homogeneously ultrafine-grained (UFG) Cu-38 Zn alloy with an average grain size of 0.64 μm was successfully fabricated by equal channel angular processing (ECAP), exhibiting a significantly enhanced strength-ductility synergy. The observed strength enhancement can be attributed to grain refinement and dislocation strengthening. After annealing, the alloy showed further improved strength with almost unchanged ductility, which is associated with solute/impurity segregation and precipitation phenomena inside the grains.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-JMR&T
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jing Han, Cong Wang, Yuanming Song, Zhiyuan Liu, Jiapeng Sun, Jiyun Zhao
Summary: The ultrasonic surface rolling (USR) technique has been used to improve the corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of Mg alloy casting parts. The USR sheet exhibits significant enhancements in strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance without sacrificing ductility. This method can be considered as an additional and last working procedure in the production of high-performance Mg alloy casting parts.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MINERALS METALLURGY AND MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Xinran Yao, Yujie Yang, Minxing Zheng, Jinghong Wang, Changyang Liu, Jiapeng Sun, Guosong Wu
Summary: This study proposes a strategy to enhance the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys by transforming corrosion products into protective coatings. By immersing a magnesium-neodymium alloy in potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution, a uniform MgHPO4·3H2O coating is formed, which significantly improves the corrosion resistance of the alloy.
MATERIALS TODAY COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Bangjun Li, Jiapeng Sun, Bingqian Xu, Guosong Wu
Summary: This paper investigates the corrosion behavior of Mg-5.7Gd-1.9Ag alloy sheets in a salt solution. The results show that the rolled sheets exhibit better corrosion resistance compared to the as-cast sheets. Aging treatment decreases corrosion resistance, but it still remains higher than that of the as-cast sheets. The migration of corrosion is mainly influenced by the evolution of second phases rather than grain size and texture.
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Mingkun Jiang, Ying Han, Jiapeng Sun, Guoqing Zu, Weiwei Zhu, Yu Zhao, Hua Chen, Xu Ran
Summary: In this study, different microscopic techniques were used to characterize the precipitation behavior of the Cu-rich phase in Al-free and Al-containing ferrite stainless steels. The effects of Al addition on the precipitation and coarsening of the Cu-rich phase were analyzed. The results showed that Al increased the nucleation rate of the Cu-rich phase and refined the Cu-rich nanoprecipitates. The crystal structures of the Cu-rich phase changed after Al addition. The Al-containing Cu-rich phase had high-density edge dislocations, which acted as diffusion channels and increased the coarsening rate of the Cu-rich phase. However, with the extension of the aging time, the dislocation density in the Al-containing Cu-rich phase decreased, weakening the promotion effect of Al on the coarsening of the Cu-rich phase.
MATERIALS & DESIGN
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Qisheng Sun, Jiapeng Sun, Yantao Fu, Bingqian Xu, Ying Han, Jianqing Chen, Jing Han, Hao Wu, Guosong Wu
Summary: In this study, a thick GS surface layer with a thickness of 1.1 mm was successfully produced in Cu-38 wt.% Zn alloy using ultrasonic severe surface rolling technology. The results show that the volume fraction of the GS surface layer can be tailored to achieve a balance between strength and ductility in the alloy.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jiapeng Sun, Qisheng Sun, Ying Liu, Bangjun Li, Zheng Zhang, Bingqian Xu, Songsong Xu, Ying Han, Yanxin Qiao, Jing Han, Guosong Wu, Paul K. Chu
Summary: The study investigates the use of ultrasonic severe surface rolling (USSR) to enhance the corrosion resistance of SLM 316L stainless steel, and finds that the USSR processed samples exhibit significant improvement in corrosion resistance, attributed to the unique gradient structure and chemically homogeneous and high-quality surface.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-JMR&T
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Changyang Liu, Jiapeng Sun, Guosong Wu
Summary: A simple solution-immersion method based on the concept of predesigned corrosion is developed to enhance the corrosion resistance of a magnesium-neodymium alloy, providing a feasible way to prepare a superhydrophobic surface on the alloy. The superhydrophobic surface exhibits self-cleaning behavior and good corrosion resistance in artificial hand sweat, offering new technical insights into the corrosion protection of magnesium alloys.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Qisheng Sun, Jiapeng Sun, Jing Han, Guosong Wu
Summary: Designing a gradient nanostructure is an effective strategy to strengthen commercial pure Ti without sacrificing ductility. This study investigates the corrosion behavior of GNS pure Ti in hydrochloric acid and finds that GNS pure Ti exhibits enhanced corrosion resistance and passivation ability due to high-density grain boundaries, dislocations, and a smooth surface.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jiapeng Sun, Bingqian Xu, Zhenquan Yang, Feihu Jiang, Keke Yang, Jing Han, Guosong Wu
Summary: A hierarchal micro-nano beta phase framework is proposed to improve the barrier effect of the second phase in high-aluminum-containing Mg-Al alloy, which effectively mitigates corrosion due to the formation of a brick-and-mortar structured corrosion product layer.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Bangjun Li, Jiapeng Sun, An Xu, Bingqian Xu, Lingling Wang, Jie Yuan, Guosong Wu
Summary: It is still challenging to simultaneously improve the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of Mg alloys through one strategy. In this paper, high-density nanoprecipitates are introduced in a Mg alloy to enhance its strength and corrosion resistance.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-JMR&T
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Mahsa Taghavi, Swapnil Sharma, Vemuri Balakotaiah
Summary: This study investigates the natural convection effects in the insulation layers of spherical storage tanks and their impact on the tanks' performance. The permeability and Rayleigh number of the insulation material are considered as key factors. The results show that as the Rayleigh number increases, new convective cells emerge and cause the cold boundary to approach the external hot boundary. In the case of large temperature differences, multiple solutions may coexist.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Jinyang Xu, Fangjun Hong, Chaoyang Zhang
Summary: This study introduces a self-induced jet impingement device for enhancing pool boiling performance in high power electronic cooling. Through visualization and parametric investigations, the effects of this device on pool boiling performance are studied, revealing the promotion of additional liquid supply and vapor exhausting. The flow rate of the liquid jet is found to positively impact boiling performance.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Wenchao Ke, Yuan Liu, Fissha Biruke Teshome, Zhi Zeng
Summary: Underwater wet laser welding (UWLW) is a promising and labor-saving repair technique. A thermal multi-phase flow model was developed to study the heat transfer, fluid dynamics, and phase transitions during UWLW. The results show that UWLW creates a water keyhole, making the welding environment similar to in air laser welding.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Xingrong Lian, Lin Tian, Zengyao Li, Xinpeng Zhao
Summary: This study investigates the heat transfer mechanisms in natural fiber-derived porous structures and finds that thermal radiation has a significant impact on the thermal conductivity in low-density regions, while natural convection rarely occurs. Insulation materials derived from micron-sized natural fibers can achieve minimum thermal conductivity at specific densities. Strategies to lower the thermal conductivity include increasing porosity and incorporating nanoscale pores using nanosize fibers.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Yasir A. Malik, Kilian Koebschall, Stephan Bansmer, Cameron Tropea, Jeanette Hussong, Philippe Villedieu
Summary: Ice crystal icing is a significant hazard in aviation, and accurate modeling of sticking efficiency is essential. In this study, icing wind tunnel experiments were conducted to quantify the volumetric liquid water fraction, sticking efficiency, and maximum thickness of ice layers. Two measurement techniques, calorimetry and capacitive measurements, were used to measure the liquid water content and distribution in the ice layers. The experiments showed that increasing wet bulb temperatures and substrate heat flux significantly increased sticking efficiency and maximum ice layer thickness.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Jinqi Hu, Tongtong Geng, Kun Wang, Yuanhong Fan, Chunhua Min, Hsien Chin Su
Summary: This study experimentally examined the heat dissipation of vibrating fans and demonstrated its inherent mechanism through numerical simulation. The results showed that the flow fields induced by the vibrating blades exhibited pulsating features and formed large-scale and small-scale vortical structures, significantly improving heat dissipation. The study also identified the impacts of different blade structures and developed a trapezoidal-folding blade, which effectively reduced the maximum temperature of the heat source and alleviated high-temperature failure crisis.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Dan-Dan Su, Xiao-Bin Li, Hong-Na Zhang, Feng-Chen Li
Summary: The boiling heat transfer of low-boiling-point working fluid is a common heat dissipation technology in electronic equipment cooling. This study analyzed the interfacial boiling behavior of R134a under different conditions and found that factors such as the initial thickness of the liquid film, solid-liquid interaction force, and initial temperature significantly affect the boiling mode and thermal resistance.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Jinyi Wu, Dongke Sun, Wei Chen, Zhenhua Chai
Summary: A unified lattice Boltzmann-phase field scheme is proposed to simulate dendrite growth of binary alloys in the presence of melt convection. The effects of various factors on the growth are investigated numerically, and the model is validated through comparisons and examinations.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Shaokun Ge, Ya Ni, Fubao Zhou, Wangzhaonan Shen, Jia Li, Fengqi Guo, Bobo Shi
Summary: This study investigated the temperature distribution of main cables in a suspension bridge during fire scenarios and proposed a prediction model for the maximum temperature of cables in different lane fires. The results showed that vehicle fires in the emergency lane posed a greater thermal threat to the cables.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Shuang-Ying Wu, Shi-Yao Zhou, Lan Xiao, Jia Luo
Summary: This paper investigates the two-phase flow and heat transfer characteristics of low-velocity jet impacting on a cylindrical surface. The study reveals that the heat transfer regimes are non-phase transition and nucleate boiling with the increase of heat transfer rate. The effects of jet impact height and outlet velocity on local surface temperatures are pronounced at the non-phase transition stage. The growth rates of heat transfer rate and liquid loss rate increase significantly from the non-phase transition to nucleate boiling stage.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Emad Hasani Malekshah, Wlodzimierz Wlodzimierz, Miros law Majkut
Summary: Cavitation has significant practical importance and can be controlled by air injection. This study investigates the natural to ventilated cavitation process around a hydrofoil through numerical and experimental methods. The results show that the location and rate of air injection have a meaningful impact on the characteristics of cavitation.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Feriel Yahiat, Pascale Bouvier, Antoine Beauvillier, Serge Russeil, Christophe Andre, Daniel Bougeard
Summary: This study explores the enhancement of mixing performance in laminar flow equipment by investigating the generation of chaotic advection using wall deformations in annular geometries. The findings demonstrate that the combined geometry can achieve perfect mixing at various Reynolds numbers.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Hui He, Ning Lyu, Caihua Liang, Feng Wang, Xiaosong Zhang
Summary: This study investigates the condensation, frosting, and defrosting processes on superhydrophobic surfaces with millimeter-scale structures. The results reveal that the structures can influence the growth and removal of frost crystals, with the bottom grooves creating a frost-free zone and conical edges promoting higher frost crystal heights. Two effective methods for defrosting are observed: hand-lifting the groove and airfoil retraction contraction on protruding structures. This research provides valuable insights into frost formation and defrosting on millimeter-structured superhydrophobic surfaces, with potential applications in anti-frost engineering.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Thiwanka Arepolage, Christophe Verdy, Thibaut Sylvestre, Aymeric Leray, Sebastien Euphrasie
Summary: This study developed two thermal concentrators, one with a 2D design of uniform thickness and another with a 3D design, using the coordinate transformation technique and metamaterials. By structuring the thermal conductor, the desired local density-heat capacity product and anisotropic thermal conductivities were achieved. The homogenized thermal conductivities were obtained from finite element simulations and cylindrical symmetry consideration. A 3D concentrator was fabricated using 3D metal printing and characterized using a thermal camera. Compared to devices that solely consider anisotropic conductivities, the time evolution characteristics of the metadevice designed with coordinate transformation were closer to those of an ideal concentrator.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Liangyuan Cheng, Qingyang Wang, Jinliang Xu
Summary: In this study, we investigated the supercritical heat transfer of CO2 in a horizontal tube with a diameter of 10.0 mm, covering a wide range of pressures, mass fluxes, and heat fluxes. The study revealed a non-monotonic increase in wall temperatures along the flow direction and observed both positive and negative wall temperature differences between the bottom and top tube. The findings were explained by the thermal conduction in the solid wall interacting with the stratified-wavy flow in the tube.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)