Gestational age differences in health and development among young Swedish men born at term

Methods We examined variations in height, body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), and intellectual performance by gestational age and fetal 'growth' (birth weight for gestational age) among young Swedish men born at term (37-41 weeks of gestation). We also compared the magnitude of associations among 314 642 men from different families and among 72 212 full brothers from 35 215 families to assess whether the associations are explained by familial factors shared by siblings. Results Gestational age in completed weeks was positively associated with height [0.11 cm, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.09-0.13] and intellectual performance (0.01, 95% CI: 0.00-0.02) and negatively associated with SBP (-0.28 mmHg, 95% CI: -0.33 to -0.24), after controlling for birth weight, maternal age at the men's birth, parity, family socio-economic position and family structure. The associations with height and SBP were observed also among brothers within families, suggesting that they are not explained by shared family characteristics. However, the positive association between gestational age and intellectual performance was no longer present within families. Birth weight for gestational age (z-score) was positively associated with height, BMI and intellectual performance and negatively associated with SBP. These associations were robust within families. Conclusions Among young men born at term, fetal growth and even gestational age are independently associated with adult size, BP and cognitive ability. The extent to which shared family characteristics explain the associations varies across outcomes.