De novo production of the key branch point benzylisoquinoline alkaloid reticuline in yeast

Microbial biosynthesis for plant based natural products, such as the benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs), has the potential to address limitations in plant-based supply of established drugs and make new molecules available for drug discovery. While yeast strains have been engineered to produce a variety of downstream BIAs including the opioids, these strains have relied on feeding an early BIA substrate. We describe the de novo synthesis of the major BlA branch point intermediate reticuline via norcoclaurine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Modifications were introduced into yeast central metabolism to increase supply of the BIA precursor tyrosine, allowing us to achieve a 60-fold increase in production of the early benzylisoquinoline scaffold horn fed dopamine with no supply of exogenous tyrosine. Yeast strains further engineered to express a mammalian tyrosine hydroxylase, four mammalian tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis and recycling enzymes, and a bacterial DOPA decarboxylase produced norcoclaurine de nova We further increased production of early benzylisoquinoline scaffolds by 160-fold through introducing mutant tyrosine hydroxylase enzymes, an optimized plant norcoclaurine synthase variant, and optimizing culture conditions. Finally, we incorporated five additional plant enzymes - three methyltransferases, a cytochrome P450, and its reductase partner - to achieve de nova production of the key branch point molecule reticuline with a titer of 19.2 mu g/L. These strains and reconstructed pathways will serve as a platform for the biosynthesis of diverse natural and novel BIAs. (C) 2015 International Metabolic Engineering Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.