Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ali Keshavarz, Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi, Parisa Zafari, Nader Bagheri, Seyed H. Ghaffari, Davood Bashash
Summary: TLRs play a crucial role in immune system, but misregulation is linked to cancer development. Aberrant expression of TLRs allows cancer cells to escape immune surveillance and promotes proliferation and angiogenesis.
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Lingling Huang, Xiaoyan Ge, Yang Liu, Hui Li, Zhiyue Zhang
Summary: Toll-like receptor agonists (TLRa) as vaccine adjuvant candidates have become a hot topic in cancer immunomodulation research. However, current systemic deliveries of TLRa have limitations, and TLRa-loaded nanoparticles are considered a promising strategy to improve therapeutic outcomes.
Review
Oncology
Eileena F. Giurini, Mary Beth Madonna, Andrew Zloza, Kajal H. Gupta
Summary: In this review, we discuss the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in cancer and their potential as a target for immunotherapy. TLRs are transmembrane receptors involved in innate immunity and can recognize molecules derived from microbes and damaged cells. Activation of TLRs can lead to either pro-tumoral effects or anti-tumoral effects, depending on the TLR and tumor type. Understanding the effects of TLR stimulation in cancer is crucial for developing effective immunotherapeutic strategies against cancer.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Fernando Torres Andon, Sergio Leon, Aldo Ummarino, Esther Redin, Paola Allavena, Diego Serrano, Clement Anfray, Alfonso Calvo
Summary: TLRs serve as natural initial triggers of immune responses and hold potential in cancer immunotherapy. Intratumoral injection of TLR agonists achieves high local drug exposure and strong antitumor response, potentially leading to cure and antitumor immunological memory.
Article
Cell Biology
Karsten Grote, Marina Nicolai, Uwe Schubert, Bernhard Schieffer, Christian Troidl, Klaus T. Preissner, Stefan Bauer, Silvia Fischer
Summary: The study demonstrated that self-extracellular RNA can interact with TLR2 ligands and enhance innate immune responses under pathological conditions, suggesting it as a new target for the treatment of bacterial and viral infections.
Review
Immunology
Suprabhat Mukherjee, Ritwik Patra, Payam Behzadi, Andrea Masotti, Alessandro Paolini, Meysam Sarshar
Summary: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play crucial roles in the immune responses by recognizing pathogen-expressed molecules and molecules released from damaged cells. They are considered promising targets for the treatment of inflammation-associated diseases, autoimmune diseases, microbial infections, and cancer. Various TLR-targeting compounds and antibodies have shown efficacy in protecting against different types of cancers. However, improper dosing or administration may lead to detrimental outcomes.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
David L. L. Goldblatt, Gabriella Valverde Ha, Shradha Wali, Vikram V. V. Kulkarni, Michael K. K. Longmire, Ana M. M. Jaramillo, Rosha P. P. Chittuluru, Adrienne Fouts, Margarita Martinez-Moczygemba, Jonathan T. T. Lei, David P. P. Huston, Michael J. J. Tuvim, Burton F. F. Dickey, Scott E. E. Evans
Summary: Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory respiratory disease characterized by eosinophilic infiltration and increased mucus production. Research has shown that a combination treatment of Pam2 and ODN can reduce allergic immune responses and lower sensitivity to allergens.
FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Toxicology
Menno Grouls, Meike van der Zande, Laura de Haan, Hans Bouwmeester
Summary: In various in vitro intestinal models, exposure to flagellin triggered an increase in IL-8 secretion as a pro-inflammatory response, while other TLR agonists did not induce a similar response, suggesting a lack of presence or functionality of specific TLRs in these models.
TOXICOLOGY IN VITRO
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Sergei Biryukov, Jennifer L. Dankmeyer, Zain Shamsuddin, Ivan Velez, Nathaniel O. Rill, Raysa Rosario-Acevedo, Christopher P. Klimko, Jennifer L. Shoe, Melissa Hunter, Michael D. Ward, Lisa H. Cazares, David P. Fetterer, Joel A. Bozue, Patricia L. Worsham, Christopher K. Cote, Kei Amemiya
Summary: Research shows that by incorporating multiple toll-like receptor agonists into the F1-V plague vaccine regimen, it is possible to further enhance the immune response, optimize, and augment vaccine efficacy.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Lei Zhang, Guangshuai Liu, Tian Xia, Xiufeng Yang, Guolei Sun, Chao Zhao, Chunzhu Xu, Honghai Zhang
Summary: The study analyzed TLR genes from the genomes and transcriptomes of 102 amphibian species to understand their evolutionary patterns. Results showed that TLR genes can be divided into seven subfamilies, with TLR4 subfamily found only in Anura. Purification selection played a leading role in amphibian TLR evolution, and different domains had different evolution rates. Positive selection patterns and single-nucleotide polymorphisms were observed in TLR genes.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Roberta Lattanzi, Rossella Miele
Summary: The prokineticin family is a group of secreted peptides classified as chemokines based on their structure and functions. Prokineticins bind with high affinity to two G protein-coupled receptors and play important roles in various physiological functions. Dysregulation of the system leads to inflammatory processes associated with many pathological conditions. The use of PKR antagonists can reduce the upregulation of PK2/PKRs triggered by inflammatory processes, suggesting a potential strategy for treating inflammatory/neuroinflammatory diseases.
CURRENT ISSUES IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Medicinal
Viktoria M. S. Kjaer, Loukas Ieremias, Viktorija Daugvilaite, Michael Luckmann, Thomas M. Frimurer, Trond Ulven, Mette M. Rosenkilde, Jon Vabeno
Summary: The research found that the agonist activity of the G protein-coupled receptor GPR183/EBI2 is influenced by the substitution pattern of one of the two distal phenyl rings, acting as a molecular efficacy-switch.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Gyu Hwan Hyun, In Ho Cho, Yoon Young Yang, Da-Hye Jeong, Yun Pyo Kang, You-Sun Kim, Seul Ji Lee, Sung Won Kwon
Summary: This study investigates the immunological action of complex pectin by studying its interaction with Toll-like receptors (TLRs). The research shows that pectic heteropolysaccharides (HPSs) derived from terrestrial plant cell walls can bind to TLR4 and activate the immune response. The findings provide a better understanding of the interaction between complex carbohydrates and proteins.
CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS
(2023)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Xin Zhi, Peipei Yang, Yunxue Xu, Zhifei Dai, Xiuli Yue, Linxue Qian
Summary: This review discusses the functions of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the tumor microenvironment and the pathways that activate immune responses. It also summarizes recent developments in nanotechnology for immunomodulation with TLR agonists. Nanotechnology can improve the efficacy of TLR agonist-based immunotherapy and address its limitations.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yuan-Tung Chu, Min-Tser Liao, Kuo-Wang Tsai, Kuo-Cheng Lu, Wan-Chung Hu
Summary: A comprehensive framework has been established to understand immunological pathways, and specific associations between immune responses and immune receptors have been identified. These findings contribute to the identification of biomarkers for immune cells and provide insights into host immunological pathways.
Article
Immunology
Jun Cui, Cheng Chen, Xiao Zhou, Wenju Shan, Yuhong Jian, Panpan Li, Yang Sun, Wei Yi
Summary: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are a promising therapy for sepsis, but metabolic syndromes threaten their effectiveness. This study investigated the potential of small extracellular vesicles from high-fat diet BMSCs in sepsis-induced liver-heart axis injury.
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Immunology
Binbin Zhu, Angyang Cao, Chunqu Chen, Weijian Zhou, Wenjun Luo, Yu Gui, Qinwen Wang, Zhipeng Xu, Jianhua Wang
Summary: GM6001 alleviates postoperative cognitive deficits and neuroinflammation, preserves blood-brain barrier integrity, and rescues aquaporin-4 mislocalization. MMP-9 inhibition plays a dual role in cognitive protection through direct anti-neuroinflammatory effects and regulation of aquaporin-4 membrane distribution.
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Immunology
Anika Sood, Valencia Fernandes, Kumari Preeti, Shruti Rajan, Dharmendra Kumar Khatri, Shashi Bala Singh
Summary: S1PR2 inhibitor improves cognitive function and skews microglia toward anti-inflammatory phenotype in type 2 diabetic mice, promising to be a potential therapy for neuroinflammation.
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Immunology
Haochun Guo, Ran Yu, Haijun Zhang, Wanpeng Wang
Summary: Radiation therapy is an effective treatment for thoracic malignancies, but it can cause radiation-induced lung injury (RILI), including radiation pneumonitis (RP) and radiation pulmonary fibrosis (RPF). The damage to normal lung cells during radiation treatment leads to a pulmonary inflammatory response, resulting in RP and RPF.
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Immunology
Guanghui Wang, Haotian Zheng, Yunzhi Xiang, Yadong Wang, Kai Wang, Xiaoyang Ren, Jiajun Du
Summary: This study identified a T-cell synthetic driver-associated prognostic model that accurately predicted prognosis and effectiveness of immunotherapy in LUAD patients. It also highlighted the role of LDHA in promoting tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and resistance to treatment, as well as its involvement in immune escape within the tumor microenvironment. These findings provide a promising new therapeutic strategy for LUAD.
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Immunology
Bowen Wei, Aihua Wang, Wei Liu, Qingyun Yue, Yihua Fan, Bin Xue, Siwei Wang
Summary: This study systematically analyzed the association between pSS and cuproptosis, established a predictive model based on 5 genes, explored the pathogenic mechanisms and novel therapeutic strategies for pSS, and identified EED, CBL, and NFU1 as potential targets for treatment.
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Immunology
Nusrit Iqbal Andrabi, Aminur R. Sarkar, Syed Assim Haq, Diljeet Kumar, Dilpreet Kour, Diksha Saroch, Sanket Kumar Shukla, Ajay Kumar, Asha Bhagat, Asif Ali, Gurleen Kour, Zabeer Ahmed
Summary: Koenimbine and its novel semi-synthetic derivative 1G demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory effects by downregulating the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappa B) signaling pathway.
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Immunology
Jing-Mei Lu, Xiang Xu, Fumie Aosai, Ming-Yue Zhang, Lian-Xun Piao
Summary: This study found that arctiin can improve allergic acute liver injury caused by T.g.HSP70 by inhibiting TLR4 signaling and reducing the production of inflammatory mediators.
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Immunology
Minxuan Xu, Fang Shi, Yongshen Gao, Shumei Han, Chensuo Huang, Qinsheng Hou, Xiaoweng Wen, Bengshi Wang, Zhenyu Zhu, Lei Zou, Mingxin Xiong, Wei Dong, Jun Tan
Summary: There is a growing body of research highlighting the involvement of metabolic imbalance and the inflammatory response in the advancement of colitis. This study recognizes arabinose as a significant protector of the intestinal mucosal barrier, reducing damage to the intestines. In addition, lower levels of arabinose in the bloodstream are associated with a higher severity of inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer.
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Immunology
Yueqing Han, Haoxin Song, Yanshan Li, Rongxin Li, Ling Chen, Bo Gao, Yijun Chen, Shuzhen Wang
Summary: The combination of tetracycline antibiotics, demeclocycline (D), chlortetracycline (C), and minocycline (M), showed therapeutic potential against liver fibrosis by inhibiting the activation of hepatic stellate cells and the MAPK signaling. This study suggests that tetracyclines may be repurposed for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Immunology
Yu Li, Hailing Liu, Danwen Zhao, Danjie Zhang
Summary: Chronic stress can lead to lung injury, with the spleen playing a crucial role. This study found that the spleen contributes to chronic restraint stress-induced lung injury, and splenic CD11b+ cells may be an important factor in this process.
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Immunology
Yingqian Mi, Mengyan Tang, Qiong Wu, Yinan Wang, Qihui Liu, Pei Zhu, Xiaoyang Xue, Yuntong Liu, Xinyu Chai, Yuyang Hou, Dongmei Yan
Summary: BCG therapy can induce macrophage polarization to the M1 type, and NMAAP1 plays a crucial role in this process by regulating glycolysis and HIF-1α expression. This promotes the antitumor effect of macrophages.
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Immunology
Xiaosheng Liu, Tingxia Lv, Xiuxia Li, Jing Xue, Ling Lin, Lianfeng Lu, Xiaodi Li, Yang Yang, Yuanni Wu, Qiang Wei, Wei Cao, Taisheng Li
Summary: LLDT-8 exhibits notable efficacy in alleviating immune activation in both an in vivo animal model and in vitro human cell experiments, suggesting its potential as a drug for managing systemic immune activation associated with SIV/HIV infection.
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Immunology
Honghong Yu, Qi Li, Huimin Zhu, Chang Liu, Weiwei Chen, Lingyun Sun
Summary: The activation of the inflammasome plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been shown to alleviate SLE by suppressing inflammasome activation. This study found that the NLRP3 inflammasome was activated in macrophages from SLE patients and mice, and its activation correlated with disease activity. After MSC transplantation, the severity of SLE was reduced, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation was inhibited. These findings suggest that MSC suppress inflammasome activation and provide a potential therapeutic target for SLE.
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Immunology
Wei Zhou, Dan Zeng, Shunan Liu, Yunxia Huang, Fenglin Lv, Weikang Zhou
Summary: This study found that inhibiting HDAC3 can protect the skin from atopic dermatitis by activating the Nrf2 transcription to upregulate Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway activity.
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2024)