Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
M. Busi, E. Polatidis, C. Sofras, P. Boillat, A. Ruffo, C. Leinenbach, M. Strobl
Summary: Non-destructive characterization methods play a crucial role in studying the mechanism of phase transformations in materials. In this study, a non-destructive technique using polarized neutrons is introduced to quantitatively map the spatial distribution of magnetic phases.
MATERIALS TODAY ADVANCES
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Qingge Xie, Zhiran Yan, Dunji Yu, Ke An, Xingchen Yan, Shuo Yin, Bobby Gillham, Xiaolong Wu, Ping Yang, Zhengzhi Zhao, Yandong Wang
Summary: In-situ neutron diffraction was used to reveal deformation damage during tension and compression for a high manganese steel. The lattice strains along transverse and loading directions showed indications of damage during tensile and compressive stress, respectively. The distribution of damaged grains was similar to grains with large Taylor factors.
Editorial Material
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Thomas C. Hansen
Summary: Water ice is found in various environments across the universe, and the construction of the phase diagram for crystalline phases of ice is still ongoing. A recently reported high-pressure phase, ice XIX, has ambiguous structure that requires further study.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Igor Vysotskiy, Sergey Malopheyev, Ivan Zuiko, Sergey Mironov, Rustam Kaibyshev
Summary: This study focuses on the crystallographic aspects of laser-powder bed fusion of 17-4 PH martensitic steel. The crystallization process showed an epitaxial mechanism and resulted in a specific crystal structure relationship between ferrite and austenite. Grain-boundary austenite was found to have a relationship with adjacent ferrite grains. The phase transformation from austenite to martensite did not exhibit significant variant selection.
MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
J. M. Wilde, S. X. M. Riberolles, Atreyee Das, Y. Liu, T. W. Heitmann, X. Wang, W. E. Straszheim, S. L. Bud'ko, P. C. Canfield, A. Kreyssig, R. J. McQueeney, D. H. Ryan, B. G. Ueland
Summary: In this study, the three antiferromagnetic phases of EuMnSb2 and their magnetic structures were revealed through experimental data and analysis. It was found that the magnetic coupling between manganese and europium can tune the topological properties of the material, which is of significance for applications involving the topological features of this material.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
I. Ferretto, D. Kim, W. J. Lee, E. Hosseini, N. M. della Ventura, A. Sharma, C. Sofras, J. Capek, E. Polatidis, C. Leinenbach
Summary: The fcc-c-, hcp-e-, and bcc-a' martensitic transformation of a Fe-Mn-Si-based shape memory alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is studied for the first time. Comparison between horizontal and vertical specimens shows that sample orientation considerably influences the alloy's shape memory and mechanical properties. The reason for this variation is found in the distinct crystallographic texture generated during the LPBF process.
MATERIALS & DESIGN
(2023)
Article
Nuclear Science & Technology
Sobhan Patnaik, Yulia Mishchenko, Jennifer H. Stansby, Andrea Fazi, Vanessa K. Peterson, Daniel Jadernas, Mattias Thuvander, Kyle D. Johnson, Edward G. Obbard, Denise A. Lopes
Summary: Neutron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate the crystallographic structure of the ternary phase U2CrN3 in pellet and nano scale, respectively. The composition of the pellet was mainly 54(8) wt.% U2CrN3, in agreement with the starting reagents. TEM revealed the presence of nano domains along grain boundaries of UN and U2CrN3, suggesting a formation mechanism of the ternary phase.
NUCLEAR MATERIALS AND ENERGY
(2023)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
I. S. Winter, R. E. Rudd, T. Oppelstrup, T. Frolov
Summary: A theory that describes homogeneous nucleation of grain boundary (GB) phases is derived, taking into account the energy resulting from the GB phase junction, the line defect separating two different GB structures, and the elastic line force due to the jump in GB stresses. The theory provides analytic forms for the elastic interactions and the core energy of the GB phase junction that determine the nucleation barrier.
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
(2022)
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Albert A. Voskanyan, Alexandra Navrotsky
Summary: This review summarizes the recent research on crystallographic shear structures, including the geometrical and mechanistic aspects of shear plane formation and propagation. It also discusses the energetics and thermodynamic stability of shear compounds, along with highlighting the remaining challenges and proposing future directions in this area.
ANNUAL REVIEW OF MATERIALS RESEARCH, VOL 51, 2021
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Sergey Sumnikov, Ivan A. Bobrikov, Igor S. Golovin, Anatoly M. Balagurov
Summary: The crystal structure of bulk quenched Fe-27Ga alloy was studied using high-resolution neutron and X-ray diffraction to determine phase distribution. The presence of additional phases B2 and A2, in addition to the ordered D0(3) phase, was observed in the surface layer.
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Tiancheng Li, Haiyang Chen, Zaifeng Zhou, Shilei Li, Yan-Dong Wang
Summary: A high-entropy alloy with superior strength and ductility was designed using a core-shell structure and adjusting the structural gradient to achieve synergistic strength-ductility effects.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Aditya Kamath, Fei Long, Segun Aiyeru, Malcolm Griffiths, Artur Tamm, Mark R. Daymond, Laurent Karim Beland
Summary: Zirconium alloys, specifically Zr-2.5Nb, are widely used in nuclear energy applications as pressure tube material in reactors. By analyzing the crystal structure of Zr((Zr,) Nb,Fe)2 NPs using TEM, DFT calculations, and FEA, we uncover a mixed c14 and c15 Laves phase structure within the NPs and provide an explanation through the syncroshear mechanism. Through thermodynamic analysis, we evaluate the contributions to the free energy of the NPs and find that the c15 structure is energetically favored at lower temperatures, while the c14 structure prevails at higher temperatures. Additionally, our study reveals that the NP/a-Zr interface is likely to be incoherent due to significant stresses involved.
JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
W. R. Ren, Z. Q. Lia, A. P. Zhang, H. W. Chen
Summary: The precipitation of two Laves phases, C14 and C15 Mg2Nd phases, was reported for the first time in a Mg-Nd-Ca alloy isothermally aged at 250 degrees Celsius. The orientation relationships of these Laves phases with the alpha-Mg matrix were discussed, along with the formation mechanisms involving atomic substitution and shuffling. The C14 Mg2Nd Laves phase can form without shear displacement, while the formation of the C15 Mg2Nd Laves phase is associated with stacking faults and partial dislocations.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Lola Lilensten, Stoichko Antonov, Baptiste Gault, Sammy Tin, Paraskevas Kontis
Summary: This study investigates the differences in creep behavior of polycrystalline Ni-based superalloys with two different Nb contents, attributing the mechanical performance variation to phase transformations along planar faults. The presence of stacking faults and their composition in the alloys are analyzed using electron channeling contrast imaging and atom probe tomography, revealing insights into the underlying mechanisms of creep strain rate differences. The findings suggest a potential atomic-scale driven alloy design approach for enhancing creep resistance by promoting local phase transformations along planar faults at 750 degrees C.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Young-Hoon Kim, Sang-Hyeok Yang, Myoungho Jeong, Min-Hyoung Jung, Daehee Yang, Hyangsook Lee, Taehwan Moon, Jinseong Heo, Hu Young Jeong, Eunha Lee, Young-Min Kim
Summary: Efficient and automated methodology is developed for large-scale mapping of crystal symmetries in polycrystalline Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 thin films, contributing to the progress in phase stabilization and switching behavior research.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Hanka Becker, Beate Fankhanel, Claudia Voigt, Alexandros Charitos, Michael Stelter, Christos G. Aneziris, Andreas Leineweber
Summary: Fe is a detrimental impurity element in secondary Al-Si cast alloys. Using filters to increase Fe-removal efficiency can contribute to production of high-quality alloys. Different filter materials' interactions with the alloys were evaluated in experiments.
ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Stefan Kante, Mykhaylo Motylenko, Andreas Leineweber
Summary: The study investigated the microstructure formation during the nitriding of white-solidified Fe-C-Si alloys, revealing the significant influence of silicon and carbon on phase evolution and compound layer growth. Insights were derived from experimental observations on the largely unknown Fe-C-Si-N phase diagram, highlighting the specific features of different phases at 540 degrees C.
ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Johannes Paul Schoss, Hanka Becker, Andreas Kessler, Andreas Leineweber, Gotthard Wolf
Summary: The influence of chemical composition and cooling rate on a secondary die-casting alloy was studied to reduce iron content using metal melt filtration. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) cooling curves were used to determine formation temperatures of intermetallic phases, and the results were confirmed through metallographic analysis and chemical analysis. The Fe content was reduced by 50%, while Mn and Cr decreased by 66% and 86% respectively after filtration at 620 degrees C.
ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
S. Martin, A. Winkelmann, A. Leineweber
Summary: This study demonstrates for the first time that the disordered eta phase transforms into the monoclinic eta phase with a characteristic twin-domain microstructure when the Cu-rich Cu6Sn5 intermetallic is ordered. Detailed Kikuchi diffraction pattern analysis is used to investigate the domain microstructure. The simulation-based Kikuchi diffraction pattern matching approach proves to be more sensitive to different domain orientations compared to the conventional EBSD analysis.
Article
Thermodynamics
Jonas Lachmann, Mario J. Kriegel, Andreas Leineweber, Shun-Li Shang, Zi-Kui Liu
Summary: Currently available Cu-Nb-Sn phase diagrams lack the nausite phase, hindering the rational design of thermal processing of superconducting Nb3Sn wires. By studying the heat-treated Cu-Nb-Sn samples, the homogeneity range and decomposition temperature of nausite phase are observed. The updated Cu-Nb-Sn system model, obtained through CALPHAD approach and integration of these findings, can optimize the heat-treatment steps of Nb3Sn wires.
CALPHAD-COMPUTER COUPLING OF PHASE DIAGRAMS AND THERMOCHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Maryam Akhlaghi, Rainer Hock, Johannes Dallmann, Anna Krapf, Benoit Merle, Hans Hofsaess, Carolin Koerner, Andreas Leineweber
Summary: This study investigates the structural changes of Co-Cr alloys during gaseous nitriding treatment and the formation of a stable nitrided layer. The transformation from hexagonal close packed (hcp) phase to face-centered cubic (fcc) phase is observed, and the relationship between nitrided layer thickness and time is found to deviate from the square-root dependence. Additionally, an increase in hardness is observed within the nitrided layer, indicating the modification effect of nitriding treatment on the alloy.
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Andreas Leineweber, Max Fischer, Stefan Kante, Stefan Martin
Summary: Nitriding of Fe-1 wt.% Cu and Fe-5 wt.% Cu alloys at 813 K leads to the predominant formation of gamma '-iron nitride phase (gamma '-Fe4N) and epsilon-iron nitride phase (epsilon-Fe3N1+x) in pure alpha-Fe. The higher solubility of Cu in the gamma ' phase compared to the epsilon phase is attributed to the crystal structures of these phases.
Article
Crystallography
Hanka Becker, Ralf Hielscher, Andreas Leineweber
Summary: This study investigates the habit planes and microstructural characteristics through electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), providing essential features for further analysis of phase transformation from eta phase to eta'-Al8Fe3 phase.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Marius H. Wetzel, Mario J. Kriegel, Christian Schimpf, Andreas Leineweber
Summary: Despite controversy regarding the pressure/temperature stability range of the gamma'-Fe4N phase, this study presents a thermodynamic database for calculating phase equilibria in the Fe-rich part of the Fe-N system under high-pressure conditions. The calculated phase equilibria up to 13 GPa show reasonable agreement with previous experimental results and indicate the termination of the gamma' phase region at a quadruple point at 5.0 GPa and 713 K.
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
S. Martin, D. Sulik, X. F. Fang, H. Becker, A. Leineweber
Summary: The microstructure of a successfully applied Al-Si bond coating for the interconnection of cast aluminum alloy with a conventional steel substrate is analyzed. The bond coating consists of a columnar Al layer attached to the steel substrate with an intermetallic layer. Silicon grains precipitate between the Al layer and the intermetallic phases, forming ternary compounds. Shear tests confirm the successful connection of the bond coating with the steel substrate.
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Andreas Leineweber
Summary: This paper assesses the crystal structures of phases in the Cu-Sn system, which are highly relevant in bronze alloys and soldered systems. While the crystal structures of some phases have been well established in literature, there are still intriguing details and contradictory models. The paper reviews experimental diffraction data and first-principles calculations to analyze and highlight problems in phase identification using X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction.
JOURNAL OF PHASE EQUILIBRIA AND DIFFUSION
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
A. Leineweber, M. Hoppe, S. Martin, C. Schimpf, S. L. Shang, Z. K. Liu
Summary: The reactive interaction between Sn-rich solders and transition metals at high temperatures leads to the formation of intermetallic phases. This study focuses on the formation of intermetallics between Co and Sn under solid-state conditions. The crystal structures and microstructures were characterized using X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy techniques. The results revealed different crystal structures for CoSn3 and CoSn4 compared to previous studies. The criteria for accurate phase identification using XRD and EBSD methods were elaborated, including distinguishing different polytypes of CoSn3 or CoSn4.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Christian Schimpf, Jonas Lachmann, Marius H. Wetzel, Peter D. B. Fischer, Andreas Leineweber, David Rafaja
Summary: This article introduces an escape room focused on materials science and crystallography, aiming to increase students' interest in these fields. The escape room appeals to participants with varying backgrounds through its variable difficulty and gameplay duration, and imparts lasting knowledge through reflection.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
(2023)
Article
Crystallography
Andreas Leineweber
Summary: Systematizing the vast number of known crystal structures of intermetallic phases is a challenge. This study focuses on a previously proposed group called vacancy variants of the W-type structure, which may be difficult to recognize due to the structural irregularity introduced by vacancies. By establishing a lattice correspondence with the W-type structure, the experimentally observed crystal structures of Ni3Sn4 and FeAl2 can be accurately described, including the identification of vacant sites. The lattice correspondences also allow for a connection between reported microstructure evidence and typical behaviors of metals and solid solutions with W-type structures.
ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KRISTALLOGRAPHIE-CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Alberto Martinelli, Dominic Ryan, Julian Sereni, Clemens Ritter, Andreas Leineweber, Ivan Curlik, Riccardo Freccero, Mauro Giovannini
Summary: The chemical bonding, structural, and magnetic properties of EuPdSn2 have been studied using DFT, synchrotron X-ray and neutron powder diffraction, and Eu-151 Mossbauer spectroscopy. The absence of a structural transition in the thermal range of 5-290 K is observed, while ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic orderings coexist below 12 K and compete in the ground state. This magnetic phase separation is likely a result of minimizing the global energy due to the coexistence of different magnetic configurations. Chemical bonding analysis in position space reveals the presence of heteroatomic bonds involving each species and Eu-Pd polar covalent interactions forming graphite-like distorted honeycomb layers.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
M. H. Abbasi, R. Tavakoli, S. G. Shabestari
Summary: The correlation between atomic-scale structure and glass-forming ability of ternary bulk metallic glasses was investigated using molecular dynamics simulation. It was found that the potential energy of the icosahedra reflects the geometric ordering, while the virial stress energy density reveals the chemical ordering. Based on this discovery, a new prediction criterion for glass-forming ability was proposed and validated using experimental data.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Haimin Zhai, Shuai Cui, Sheng Li, Dongqing He, Bo Cheng, Xinjian Zhang, Wensheng Li, Zhornik Viktor, Uladzimir Seniuts
Summary: Laser shock peening (LSP) treatment significantly affects the phase structure and properties of titanium-based BMG materials, promoting rejuvenation and introducing heterogeneity. This leads to improved plasticity and resistance to crack propagation. LSP-1 specimen exhibits higher hardness and plasticity, reducing fatigue peeling wear caused by brittleness. However, excessive LSP results in increased susceptibility to pitting and significantly reduces tribocorrosion resistance.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Olga A. Blatova, Maria A. Solodovnikova, Ekaterina M. Egorova, Vladislav A. Blatov
Summary: This study applied a universal geometrical-topological approach to analyze the crystal structures of intermetallic compounds deposited in the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database. By exploring the local atomic configurations, they identified different types of coordination polyhedra and proposed criteria for determining geometric instability. This research provides useful indicators for checking crystallographic information and validating structural models.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jose M. Torralba, Diego Iriarte, Damien Tourret, Alberto Meza
Summary: The amount of globally recycled e-waste is less than 20% of the total produced. One of the causes for this low recycling rate is the complex and expensive selective sorting of metals. However, recent research has shown that high entropy alloys (HEAs) can be made from complex alloy mixtures, reducing the dependence on pure critical metals. It has been demonstrated that e-waste can be used to produce competitive HEAs.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
M. Y. He, Y. F. Shen, N. Jia, W. Y. Xue, J. P. Li
Summary: This study successfully improved the mechanical properties of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) through phase decomposition modulation, achieving strengthening of low-cost CuFeMnNi HEAs. The annealed HEAs exhibited excellent mechanical properties, with significantly increased yield strength and maintained satisfactory elongation.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
D. V. Louzguine-Luzgin, F. R. Pratama
Summary: In this study, the growth rate of a crystalline phase in the Al-Fe-Mn-Si metallic glass was measured in real time using transmission electron microscopy. The effective diffusion coefficient related to the slowest diffusing element (Mn) was estimated. The results showed that the growth rate of the crystalline phase was significantly faster compared to pure Al and AlFe compound.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Zhenhua Han, Yubo Tian, Jun Yang, Jianzhao Li, Jinyang Zhang, Gang Liu, Ran Wei, Guojun Zhang
Summary: In this study, a novel medium-entropy alloy (MEA) (Fe65Ni15Cr10Co10)92Ti5Al3 with a dual heterogeneous structure was developed by adding Ti and Al to a previously reported Fe65Ni15Co10Cr10 MEA. The MEA exhibited ultra-high ultimate tensile strength and work hardening extent at room temperature. The addition of Ti and Al induced precipitation and resulted in a continuous FCC -> BCC martensitic transformation and a transformation-induced plasticity effect. The excellent mechanical properties of the alloy were attributed to the synergistic effects of hetero-deformation induced strengthening, precipitation strengthening, and TRIP.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
S. Y. Liang, L. T. Zhang, B. Wang, Y. J. Wang, E. Pineda, J. C. Qiao
Summary: This study focuses on the influence of the thermomechanical protocol on the aging or rejuvenation of glass by decoupling the thermal and mechanical processes. The results show that Labased metallic glass exhibits material hypomnesia, with a clearer rejuvenation trend observed after imposing increasing amplitude strain oscillations. There is a threshold value of the oscillation amplitude that separates the effects of the protocol into acceleration of aging or rejuvenation. This study reveals the correlation between the thermomechanical properties of metallic glass and the previous application of strain oscillations of various amplitudes, providing an effective tool for regulating the structural state of metallic glasses through a simple-operated method.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Chihui Liu, Hua Zhang, Qing Wang, Panzhi Wang, Jiadian Yang, Fanchao Meng, Xin Zhou, Lilong Zhu, Shangzhou Zhang, Liang Jiang
Summary: Thermal deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of GH141 alloy were efficiently studied using high-throughput double-cone gradient compression. Different compression temperatures resulted in a wide gradient equivalent strain distribution and gradient microstructure. The dynamic recrystallization mechanism shifted towards discontinuous dynamic recrystallization with increasing compression temperature.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
D. Dubaux, J. Zollinger, M. -C. de Weerd, J. Ghanbaja, S. Mathieu, S. Migot, P. Boulet, S. Sturm, V. Fournee, M. Sicot, J. Ledieu
Summary: We report the formation of large and highly twinned dendrites of the Al13Fe4 approximant phase embedded in an fcc Al-rich matrix. Using a rapid cooling technique, the approximant appears as a 10-fold dendrite. The grain distributions within the arm are complex and a single dendrite arm can contain up to four different orientations. Three types of twins, namely {100}, {001} and {201} twins, have been identified. A growth mechanism involving heteroepitaxial growth from a decagonal Al-Fe quasicrystalline seed is proposed to explain the formation of these specific 10-fold motifs.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Ming Yang, Yibo Zhang, Jie Dong, Yan Huang, Zhichao Lu, Liang Wang, Xuerui Wei, Zhengdong Fu, Jinkui Zhao, Wenli Song, Wei Li, Yuntao Liu, Dong Ma
Summary: A multi-element microalloying strategy has been used to improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of CuZr-based bulk metallic glass composites. Microalloying effectively refines the CuZr phase and results in finely dispersed B2 crystallites embedded in the BMG matrix, leading to the formation of centimeter-sized BMGCs with good mechanical properties.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Xuejie Zhu, Xuexi Zhang, Mingfang Qian, Ziyi Wang, Aibin Li, Zongning Chen, Muhammad Imran, Lin Geng
Summary: The homogeneous superelastic behavior in shape memory alloys (SMAs) is crucial for their functional and structural fatigue properties, as well as their stable elastocaloric effect (eCE). In this study, a Ti-22Nb-4Zr-2Ta plate was prepared with a strong recrystallized texture, resulting in a completely recoverable superelastic strain and narrow hysteresis. The observation of strain and temperature evolution revealed the importance of diffuse transformation and favorable texture in achieving mesoscopically homogeneous transformation and related elastocaloric effect.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Mohammad Navazani, Sitarama Raju Kada, Daniel Fabijanic, Matthew Barnett
Summary: This study investigates the effect of Cu and Al addition on an alloy containing multiple principal elements. The results show that adding small amounts of Cu can improve the alloy's ductility and the hardness of the FCC phase can be predicted using a hybrid model. Unlike previous studies, the corrosion resistance of the alloy is not affected by Cu addition, indicating its potential for further development into a fine-grained stainless steel alloy.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Fatemeh Azizian, Homam Naffakh-Moosavy, Fatemeh Bagheri
Summary: Novel biodegradable Zn-xCu-0.8Mn-0.4Ag alloys were prepared in this study, and the effects of Cu addition and hot extrusion process on microstructure, mechanical properties, and cytotoxicity of the alloys were investigated. The results showed that adding copper and performing a hot extrusion process can significantly improve the mechanical properties of the alloys, making them potential candidates for cardiovascular stents.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Ivan A. Ditenberg, Denis A. Osipov, Ivan Smirnov, Konstantin V. Grinyaev
Summary: This study investigates the effect of high-temperature annealing on the structural-phase state and microhardness of Ni3Al samples obtained by spark plasma sintering after high-energy ball milling. The results show that certain annealing temperatures promote grain growth and high-density nucleation, leading to the formation of a fine-grained structural state. The study also analyzes the influence of annealing temperature on the strengthening mechanisms.
