Vortex methods to answer the need for improved understanding and modelling of tip-loss factors

Standard blade element momentum (BEM) codes use Prandtl's tip-loss correction which relies on simplified vortex theory under the assumption of optimal operating condition and no wake expansion. The various tip-loss functions found in the literature are listed. A simple comparison between them shows important differences in Annual Energy Production which reveal a large uncertainty in current BEM-based computations. A new tip-loss correction for implementation in BEM codes has been developed using a lifting-line code to account for the effect of wake expansion, roll-up and distortion under many operating conditions. A database of tip-loss corrections is established for further use in BEM codes. This model is closer to the physics of the flow and hence, a better assessment of the performance of wind turbines by this method is expected.