期刊
MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES
卷 526, 期 -, 页码 267-282出版社
INTER-RESEARCH
DOI: 10.3354/meps11231
关键词
Anti-predator strategy; Predator sound playbacks; Multi-sensor tag; Behavioural responses; Horizontal avoidance; Baleen whale; Humpback whale
资金
- US Office of Naval Research
- Ministries of Defence of Norway
- Netherlands and France
- UK Natural Environmental Research Council
- Multi-study OCean acoustics Human effects Analysis (MOCHA) project - United States Office of Naval Research grant [N00014-12-1-0204]
- Natural Environment Research Council [smru10001, 1104608] Funding Source: researchfish
Anti-predator strategies are often defined as 'flight' or 'fight', based upon prey anatomical adaptations for size, morphology and weapons, as well as observed behaviours in the presence of predators. The humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae is considered a 'fight' specialist based upon anatomy and observations of grouping behaviour and active defence when attacked by killer whales. However, the early stage of humpback whale anti-predator strategy, when the prey detects the presence of a distant potential predator that may not have perceived it, has never been described. Our aim was to experimentally examine this initial stage of anti-predator responses. Humpbacks are likely to hear well at the frequencies of killer whale vocalisations, thus the perception of killer whale sounds could trigger anti-predator responses. To address this hypo thesis, we played mammal-eating killer whale sounds to 8 solitary or paired humpback whales in North Atlantic feeding grounds and monitored their behavioural responses. We found that predator sound playbacks induced a cessation of feeding, a change in the diving pattern and a clear directional and rapid horizontal avoidance away from the speaker. Interestingly, in mother-calf pairs with young calves, the directional horizontal avoidance was atypically alternated by 90 degree turns, which may serve as a mechanism to better track the predator or a stealth tactic when more vulnerable animals are present. These results provide experimental evidence that humpback whales can exhibit a strong horizontal avoidance as an initial stage of anti-predator defence, indicating that anti-predator responses may be more graded and mixed than previously recognized.
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