Proprioception in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Part 2: Clinical assessment and intervention

Introduction: Proprioception can be impaired in gradual-onset musculoskeletal pain disorders and following trauma. Understanding of the role of proprioception in sensorimotor dysfunction and methods for assessment and interventions is of vital importance in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. In Part 1 of this two-part Masterclass we presented a theory-based overview of the role of proprioception in sensorimotor control, causes and findings of altered proprioception in musculoskeletal conditions, and general principles of assessment and interventions. Purpose: The aim of this second part is to present specific methods for clinical assessment and interventions to improve proprioception in the spine and extremities. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.