Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Sam Aerts, Kenneth Deprez, Leen Verloock, Robert G. Olsen, Luc Martens, Phung Tran, Wout Joseph
Summary: In this study, measurements of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) were taken near 5G base stations with different antenna systems. The results showed that the radiation levels were within acceptable limits under maximum downlink traffic load. Additionally, base stations with the advanced antenna system (AAS) emitted lower levels of radiation compared to traditional microcell base stations.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Masood Ur-Rehman, Yasir Alfadhl, Xiaodong Chen, Rachel Whiting, Alex Wright, Christopher D. Lindsay, John Tattersall, Iain Scott
Summary: The IEEE and ICNIRP have set a maximum permissible exposure for instantaneous peak electric field, but without providing a rationale. A novel exposure system was designed and evaluated through analysis, modelling, and testing, and used for in-vitro cell exposures to investigate the relationship between field intensity and cell viability.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2022)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Taghrid Mazloum, Shanshan Wang, Joe Wiart
Summary: This study examines the overall impact of indoor Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS) on human exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF). The results indicate that deploying indoor DAS can reduce EMF exposure while improving cellular network quality, particularly in areas without additional RF sources.
Article
Plant Sciences
Nam Trung Tran, Luca Jokic, Julian Keller, Jens Uwe Geier, Ralf Kaldenhoff
Summary: The increased use of wireless technology leads to significant exposure of all living organisms to radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). This study investigated the effects of RF-EMF radiation on lettuce plants in indoor and outdoor environments using different frequency ranges. Results showed that RF-EMF exposure had minimal impact on lettuce plants in greenhouse conditions, but it significantly decreased photosynthetic efficiency and accelerated flowering time in plants exposed to RF-EMF in the field. Gene expression analysis revealed down-regulation of stress-related genes in RF-EMF-exposed plants, indicating potential interference with plant stress responses.
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Mohamed Abdul-Al, Ahmed S. I. Amar, Issa Elfergani, Richard Littlehales, Naser Ojaroudi Parchin, Yasir Al-Yasir, Chan Hwang See, Dawei Zhou, Zuhairiah Zainal Abidin, Mohammad Alibakhshikenari, Chemseddine Zebiri, Fauzi Elmegri, Musa Abusitta, Atta Ullah, Fathi M. A. Abdussalam, Jonathan Rodriguez, Neil J. McEwan, James M. Noras, Russell Hodgetts, Raed A. Abd-Alhameed
Summary: This paper investigates the interaction between electromagnetic fields and biological media, and analyzes the hazards of radiation on human bodies. By reviewing the research findings of safety standards and organizations, it summarizes the most commonly used techniques between 1978 and 2021.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Le Yuan, Zhenglei Wang, Wenqi Wei, Xiaotao Han
Summary: This article introduces an approximately symmetrical TR switch topology based on PIN diodes and multiple sections of coplanar waveguide lines for high-frequency broadband PMF-NMR experiments. Excellent parameters are obtained through optimization and error evaluation. The switch has a bandwidth of 250 MHz-1 GHz, an insertion loss of less than 0.56 dB, a switching time of less than 0.9 microseconds, and a high-power capacity of 200 W.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Yi-Feng Chen, Ruiqi Fu, Junde Wu, Jongbin Song, Rui Ma, Yi-Chuan Jiang, Mingming Zhang
Summary: This study proposed a novel bimanual brain-computer interface (BCI) paradigm to reconstruct the continuous trajectory of both hands during coordinated movements from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. The results showed that the proposed model outperformed other commonly-used methods in terms of decoding bimanual trajectories. These findings demonstrated the feasibility of simultaneously decoding bimanual trajectory from EEG, indicating the potential of bimanual control for coordinated tasks.
IEEE JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL AND HEALTH INFORMATICS
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ebrahim Ismaiel, Richard Fiath, Agnes Szabo, agoston Csaba Horvath, Zoltan Fekete
Summary: Infrared neuromodulation is a promising tool that utilizes near-infrared laser light to elevate the temperature of neural tissue, and it has been shown to effectively change neuronal activities. In this study, the effect of infrared neuromodulation-based cortical heating on interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) was investigated in anesthetized rats. The findings suggest that continuous-wave near-infrared light-induced cortical heating is associated with a reduction in IED amplitudes, changes in the negative amplitude of IEDs, and an increase in the power of specific frequency bands. Pulsed near-infrared illumination with low cortical heating has a stronger inhibitory effect on the negative polarity of IEDs. However, continuous laser illumination leads to an increase in IED frequency, which could restrict its use in epilepsy-related therapeutic applications. The thermal effect of infrared neuromodulation on cortical neurons induces changes in other characteristics of IEDs, which may be beneficial for future applications.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Sangbong Jeon, Daeun Choi, Seong Ju Kim, Ae-Kyoung Lee, Hyung-Do Choi, Dongho Kim
Summary: The proposed method calculates the specific absorption rate of rats, taking into account their ever-changing movements. By applying the percentage of different postures to SAR results, it can measure the real RF exposure more precisely.
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Gabriella Tognola, Marta Bonato, Martina Benini, Sam Aerts, Silvia Gallucci, Emma Chiaramello, Serena Fiocchi, Marta Parazzini, Barbara M. Masini, Wout Joseph, Joe Wiart, Paolo Ravazzani
Summary: This paper is the first comprehensive survey on electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure generated by various connectivity technologies in cars. By describing each technology and comparing past research results, it is found that EMF exposure in cars using these technologies has never exceeded safe limits.
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Chuan Sun, Zheng Huang, Houbing Qin, Jing Zhang, Sanying Wang, Xiaogang Xu, Shibo Ying, Genxiang Mao
Summary: Rapid population aging has led to a global burden of late-life diseases, with aging being a major risk factor for age-related diseases and closely related to both genotype and external factors. Exposure to 10 Hz pulsed magnetic fields for 2 weeks induced DNA damage in cellular senescence, highlighting the potential impact of electromagnetic fields on aging.
FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Seon-Eui Hong, Sukhoon Oh, Hyung-Do Choi
Summary: The study assessed RF energy exposure of patient assistants in an open MRI system through numerical computations. Overall, SAR levels for patient assistants were lower than patients, but increased under specific conditions such as larger arm loops and closer distance to RF coils. Further investigations are needed to prevent SAR increase in patient assistants at higher field strengths in open MRI systems.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Andrea Bernieri, Giovanni Betta, Domenico Capriglione, Gianni Cerro, Gianfranco Miele, Marzia Salone D'Amata
Summary: This article discusses the measurement of human exposure to electromagnetic fields, particularly focusing on LTE systems. The experimental analysis highlights the importance of instrument settings and measurement intervals on the reliability and repeatability of measurement results. The authors also provide possible solutions to improve the overall repeatability of the measurement procedure.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Hanshuo Zhang, Tao Li, Yongzhao Li, Jinhui Li, Octavia A. Dobre, Zhijin Wen
Summary: Recent studies have shown that using deep-learning methods to classify drones based on radio-frequency signals is effective. However, the costs of collecting and labeling diverse signal data in complex wireless environments are often unacceptable. In this study, a low-cost data augmentation method is proposed to improve the robustness of a signal identification neural network. It generates additional training data by mixing pure drone signals with background signals and trains the network to distinguish between drone signals and interference. Furthermore, a spectrogram segmentation method is designed to further enhance performance.
IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL
(2023)
Review
Environmental Sciences
Bernd Henschenmacher, Annette Bitsch, Tonia de las Heras Gala, Henry Jay Forman, Athanassios Fragoulis, Pietro Ghezzi, Rupert Kellner, Wolfgang Koch, Jens Kuhne, Dmitrij Sachno, Gernot Schmid, Katya Tsaioun, Jos Verbeek, Robert Wright
Summary: This systematic review aims to evaluate the associations between exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and oxidative stress in experimental models. The study framework follows WHO guidelines and health assessment handbook, while risk of bias will be assessed using NTP/OHAT tool and GRADE will be used to assess the certainty of conclusions. Funding for the research was provided by the World Health Organization and the protocol was registered on PROSPERO webpage.
ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL
(2022)
Article
Biology
Ian D. Evans, Stephen Palmisano, Rodney J. Croft
Summary: The study aimed to compare phosphene detection thresholds using different montages to investigate the contribution of frontal regions and the occipital cortex to phosphenes induced by transcranial electric current stimulation. The results suggested that both frontal regions and the occipital cortex may play a role in phosphene perception, with varying levels of current density required for stimulation.
BIOELECTROMAGNETICS
(2021)
Article
Biophysics
Rodney J. Croft, Roger Kolegard, Arne Tribukait, Nigel A. S. Taylor, Ola Eiken
Summary: The study showed that reductions in cerebral oxygenation at +3 and +4 G(z) can impact visual perception accuracy, but do not affect working memory performance.
AEROSPACE MEDICINE AND HUMAN PERFORMANCE
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Berihun M. Zeleke, Christopher Brzozek, Chhavi R. Bhatt, Michael J. Abramson, Frederik Freudenstein, Rodney J. Croft, Peter Wiedemann, Geza Benke
Summary: The study found that providing people with objectively measured personal radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) exposure information can increase their confidence in protecting themselves from RF-EMF exposure. However, the perception and risk perception of people towards Wi-Fi related RF-EMF were not influenced by the type of information provided, and the measured Wi-Fi signal levels were below international exposure limits.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Nikolas Perentos, Marino Krstulovic, A. Jennifer Morton
Summary: Sheep, as a practical large animal species, were used for in vivo brain function studies in naturalistic settings. The experiments demonstrated that sheep are excellent for longitudinal studies requiring large-brained mammals and/or large-scale recordings across distributed neuronal networks. This suggests that sheep can be safely used for studying neural encoding of decision-making and spatial-mapping in naturalistic environments, as well as the neural basis of intra- and inter-species social interactions.
Article
Neurosciences
Lisa-Marie Greenwood, Samantha J. Broyd, Hendrika H. van Hell, Juanita Todd, Alison Jones, Robin M. Murray, Rodney J. Croft, Patricia T. Michie, Nadia Solowij
Summary: The study found that the combined use of cannabis components THC and CBD on the mismatch negativity (MMN) is influenced by prior cannabis use frequency, with lower frequency users showing increased amplitude in duration and intensity MMN, while high frequency users exhibited increased duration and frequency MMN. The addition of CBD can attenuate the effect of THC on MMN amplitude, and this effect is related to prior cannabis use frequency.
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
(2022)
Editorial Material
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Kenneth R. Foster, Chung-Kwang Chou, Rodney J. Croft
Summary: This article addresses inaccuracies and misstatements in Lin's recent Health Matters column regarding the IEEE standard C95.1-2019 for electromagnetic field exposure and the International Commission on Nonionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) RF exposure guideline.
IEEE MICROWAVE MAGAZINE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ian Evans, Stephen Palmisano, Rodney J. Croft
Summary: Inconsistencies were found in the relationship between ambient lighting conditions and frequency-dependence in tES-induced phosphenes. Mesopic lighting conditions were found to have the lowest phosphene detection thresholds.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2022)
Article
Psychology, Multidisciplinary
Elle P. Coleman, Rodney J. Croft, Emma Barkus
Summary: Cognitive interpretations of daily events may differ in people with unusual beliefs. This study used cluster analysis to identify four profiles of unusual beliefs in a general population sample. The results showed differences in attribution style and metacognitive beliefs among these profiles.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Berihun M. Zeleke, Christopher Brzozek, Chhavi Raj Bhatt, Michael J. Abramson, Frederik Freudenstein, Rodney J. Croft, Peter M. Wiedemann, Geza Benke
Summary: Little was known about the relationship between carrying mobile phone handsets by men and their risk perception of RF-EMF exposure. This study found that men who carried their handsets in close contact with the body perceived higher risks of RF-EMF exposure, especially those who kept their handsets near reproductive organs. Additionally, men who carried their handsets with their hands or placed them in T-shirt pockets while not in use were more likely to perceive health risks. However, whether this indicates a causal relationship remains uncertain.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Palalle G. Tharushi Perera, Denver P. Linklater, Erim Kosyer, Rodney Croft, Elena P. Ivanova
Summary: This study found that exposure to high-frequency electromagnetic fields can localize silica core-shell gold nanospheres inside PC 12 cells, suggesting that HF EMFs can be used as an efficient technique for delivering drugs, genetic material, and nanomaterials into cells for manipulation or therapy purposes.
ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
F. Freudenstein, F. Boerner, R. J. Croft, R. W. S. Leung, S. P. Loughran, P. M. Wiedemann
Summary: The study examines the impact of generalization descriptions on risk perceptions. In a 1-factorial online experiment, 629 participants were assigned to three different groups. Group G1 received an excerpt of an original press release from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) about mobile phones and cancer risks. Group G2 received additional explanatory text, while Group G3 received a rewritten text, both emphasizing that the possible cancer risk only applies to mobile phones. The results showed that all three groups had increased risk perceptions for all electromagnetic field sources, but there were significant differences based on the prevailing risk generalization belief.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Palalle G. Tharushi Perera, Zoltan Vilagosh, Denver Linklater, The Hong Phong Nguyen, Dominique Appadoo, Jitraporn Vongsvivut, Mark Tobin, Chaitali Dekiwadia, Croft G. Rodney, Elena P. Ivanova
Summary: The study found that the permeability of cell membranes can be changed by the uptake of nanospheres through photon radiation, but the cellular localization of the nanospheres remains unclear. The fate of silica core-shell gold nanospheres inside pheochromocytoma cells after photon radiation exposure was investigated. The nanospheres were found to be present in the cytoplasm or membrane, as single nanospheres or in clusters, with some being sequestered in vacuoles. This cellular uptake of nanospheres could have various applications in biomedical fields such as regenerative medicine, vaccines, cancer therapy, gene and drug delivery.
JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Maximilian Gorlitz, Lennart Justen, Patrick J. Rochette, Manuela Buonanno, David Welch, Norman J. Kleiman, Ewan Eadie, Sachiko Kaidzu, William J. Bradshaw, Emilia Javorsky, Nigel Cridland, Anat Galor, Martin Guttmann, Martina C. Meinke, Johannes Schleusener, Paul Jensen, Per Soderberg, Nozomi Yamano, Chikako Nishigori, Paul O'Mahoney, Dieter Manstein, Rodney Croft, Curtis Cole, Frank R. de Gruijl, Paul Donald Forbes, Stephen Trokel, John Marshall, David J. Brenner, David Sliney, Kevin Esvelt
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the importance of improving indoor air quality control measures to reduce the spread of respiratory pathogens. Far-UVC, a type of germicidal ultraviolet technology, shows promise in disinfecting indoor air. Understanding the safety limits of far-UVC exposure is crucial for its effective use, especially during a pandemic or epidemic. This review article summarizes current knowledge on the safety of far-UVC and advocates for further research to determine safe and effective levels for its deployment in indoor environments, contributing to pandemic preparedness and response.
PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Jessica G. Bartschi, Lisa-Marie Greenwood, Amy Montgomery, Lon Dortants, Katrina Weston-Green, Xu-Feng Huang, Nagesh Pai, Jan Potter, Mark M. Schira, Rodney Croft, Nadia Solowij
Summary: This trial aims to investigate the effects of CBD on neuroanatomical and psychological outcomes in individuals with early-stage dementia, with the potential to provide a novel and accessible treatment approach for this condition.
CANNABIS AND CANNABINOID RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Palalle G. Tharushi Perera, Nevena Todorova, Zoltan Vilagosh, Olha Bazaka, The Hong Phong Nguyen, Kateryna Bazaka, Russell J. Crawford, Rodney J. Croft, Irene Yarovsky, Elena P. Ivanova
Summary: The study utilized membrane model systems to simulate the effects of live cell membranes, revealing changes in membrane permeability under high-frequency electromagnetic fields. Currently, the mechanisms driving these changes and the impact on biomolecules are not fully understood, thus limiting the widespread use of high-frequency electromagnetic fields in biomedical applications.