期刊
IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS
卷 43, 期 11, 页码 2546-2557出版社
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/JSSC.2008.2005818
关键词
Acridine; active pixel; array; CMOS; fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM); gated-window (GW); Qdot-655; quantum dots; ruthenium; single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD); time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC); time-resolved fluorescence sensing; time-to-digital converter (TDC)
资金
- NHGRI NIH HHS [R33 HG003089] Funding Source: Medline
- NIEHS NIH HHS [U01 ES016074] Funding Source: Medline
We describe the design, characterization, and demonstration of a fully integrated single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) imager for use in time-resolved fluorescence imaging. The imager consists of a 64-by-64 array of active SPAD pixels and an on-chip time-to-digital converter (TDC) based on a delay-locked loop (DLL) and calibrated interpolators. The imager can perform both standard time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) and an alternative gated-window detection useful for avoiding pulse pile-up when measuring bright signal levels. To illustrate the use of the imager, we present measurements of the decay lifetimes of fluorescent dyes of several types with a timing resolution of 350 ps.
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