Long-term changes in trophic patterns of Iceland cod and linkages to main prey stock sizes

Data on the diet composition of Iceland cod (Gadus morhua) were collected in March of the years 1981-2010 and in autumn of the years 1988-2010. Capelin, northern shrimp, and euphausiids dominate the diet in all years and may be classified as the stable food of Iceland cod. Overall, total consumption by the smallest cod (20-29 cm) remained stable over the three decades, whereas that of larger fish has declined since the mid-1990s. This decline may explain the reduced growth rate of cod in recent years. Long-term, prey-specific patterns were identified in consumption, and significant trophic links were found between cod consumption and stock sizes of capelin and northern shrimp. In March, the correlation between cod consumption on capelin and capelin stock size was highly significant, a type I functional feeding response, but not significant in autumn. The correlation deteriorated in the early to mid-1990s and in the early 2000s. Increased inflow of Atlantic water into north Icelandic waters, and associated changes in capelin distribution, may have contributed to this trend. The interaction between cod consumption on northern shrimp and shrimp stock size showed a highly significant type I functional feeding response in both seasons.