Fire-induced changes in soil water repellency increased fingered flow and runoff rates following the 2004 Huelva wildfire

Water repellency (WR) from fire-affected soils can affect infiltration processes and increase runoff rates. We investigated the effects of fire-induced changes in soil WR and the related soil hydrological response after one of the largest wildfires in Spain in recent years. The vertical distribution of WR in soil profiles was studied under oak and pine forests and the wetting pattern was analysed after rainfall simulations (85 mm h(-1) during 60 min). After burning, the persistence of WR in soils under oaks increased in the upper 0-5 cm of soil in comparison with pre-fire WR, but no significant changes were observed under pines. After a fire, WR was stronger and the thickness of the water-repellent layer increased in soils under pines in the upper 0-16 cm of soil. The hydrophobic layer was thinner under oaks, where no strong to extremely water-repellent samples were observed below 12 (in burnt soils) and 8 cm (in unburnt soils). Uniform wetting was observed through soil depth in burnt and unburnt soils under oaks, as a consequence of the prevailing matrix flux infiltration. Water was mostly stored in the upper few centimetres and soil became rapidly saturated, favouring a continuous rise in the runoff rate during the experiments. Moisture profiles under pines showed a heterogeneous wetting pattern, with highly irregular wetting fronts, as a result of wettable and water-repellent three-dimensional soil patches. In this case, runoff rates on burnt plots increased in relation to unburnt plots, but runoff generation reached a steady state after 25-30 min of simulated rainfall at an intensity of 85 mm h(-1). Rainfall water infiltrated over a small part of the ponded area, where the vertical pressure of the water column overcame the WR. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.