Article
Business
Kirsten Martin, Ari Waldman
Summary: This study explores the impact of decision importance, governance, outcomes, and data inputs on the legitimacy of algorithmic decision-making in firms. The findings suggest that procedural governance mechanisms do not necessarily enhance the perceived legitimacy of algorithms decisions, but good outcomes and robust governance can increase legitimacy. However, using arbitrary or morally dubious factors in decision-making diminishes legitimacy, regardless of outcomes.
JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ETHICS
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Thomas Faestermann, Andreas Bergmaier, Roman Gernhaeuser, Dominik Koll, Mahmoud Mahgoub
Summary: In this study, the reaction Li-7(Li-7,C-10) was used to populate states in the tetraneutron. A peak in the energy spectrum of identified C-10, which could not be attributed to a reaction with any other target components, was found to correspond to an excitation energy of 2.93 +/- 0.16MeV in the C-10+4n system. A similar peak was observed under different kinematic conditions. Analysis suggests that this peak is more likely to correspond to the first excited state of C-10 at 3.354MeV and a tetraneutron with a binding energy of +0.42 +/- 0.16MeV.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Anita Zeneli, Giovanni Brandi, Giuseppe Di Pasquale, Danilo Orlandini, Piero De Carolis, Francesca Bravi, Francesco Pugliese, Elisabetta Poluzzi, Fausto Catena, Filippo Giovanardi, Giorgia Valpiani, Renato Mantovani, Eugenia Magnanimi, Primiano Iannone
Summary: This study identified guiding ethical principles for resource allocation during pandemic emergencies, with transparency, saving lives, respect for autonomy, and equity as top priorities. Other principles like life cycle, 'sickest first', reciprocity, instrumental value, and lottery were considered potential tiebreakers. These principles can be used to maximize resources for the community and reduce inequalities.
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Kirsten Persson, Felicitas Selter, Peter Kunzmann, Gerald Neitzke
Summary: End-of-life decisions in human and veterinary medicine present challenges, and this study found differences and congruencies in treatment choices and reasoning between stakeholders and animal and human patients. Despite legal and practical differences, there may be parallels and convergences in decision-making criteria and reasoning patterns between the two disciplines.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Shin Hye Yoo, Yejin Kim, Wonho Choi, Jeongmi Shin, Min Sun Kim, Hye Yoon Park, Bhumsuk Keam, Jae -Joon Yim
Summary: This study aimed to explore the various ethical issues referred to clinical ethics support after the implementation of new legislation on hospice palliative care and end-of-life decision-making in Korea in 2018. The most frequent ethical issues identified were goals of care/treatment, decision-making, relationship, and end-of-life issues. The findings highlight the importance of further research on ethical issues and the implementation of clinical ethics support in multiple healthcare centers.
JOURNAL OF KOREAN MEDICAL SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Gerontology
Oluwatoyin Sorinmade, Alex Ruck Keene, Carmelle Peisah
Summary: The article discusses the challenges faced by individuals with dementia in enjoying intimate relationships and proposes a tool called the Advance Decision on Intimacy to empower them to make decisions about their sexuality when they no longer have the capacity to consent.
Review
Anesthesiology
A. Takla, J. Savulescu, D. J. C. Wilkinson, J. J. Pandit
Summary: This article describes the extension of general anaesthesia beyond surgical use to alleviate end-of-life suffering. It discusses the challenges of managing symptoms and ethical considerations, highlighting the need for a clear multidisciplinary framework for the use of general anaesthesia in end-of-life care.
Article
Ethics
Waldemar Glusiec
Summary: The study showed that 29% of Roman Catholic chaplains in Polish hospitals have received requests for advice on morally difficult medical decisions. These requests were not dependent on their service location, duration, or HEC membership. The most common issues encountered by chaplains were related to discontinuation of persistent therapy.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS
(2022)
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Noguera Z. Liz Paola, Paul R. Torgerson, Sonja Hartnack
Summary: A framework is proposed to explore the non-monetary value of animals in public health decision-making, aiming to complement existing health metrics and provide a more comprehensive assessment of animal and human health. This approach takes into consideration the emotional, societal, and ecological values associated with animals, going beyond their monetary worth.
Article
Ethics
Thana Cristina De Campos-Rudinsky, Eduardo Undurraga
Summary: While empirical evidence is important in decision-making during a pandemic, this paper argues that good public health policy decisions also rely on sound ethical reasoning that assigns value and normative judgement to empirical facts.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS
(2021)
Article
Ethics
Kristi Klee, Benjamin Wilfond, Karen Thomas, Debra Ridling
Summary: This study explores the conflicts that may arise around tracheotomy placements. The results show that clinicians need to be aware of their own biases when discussing a child's prognosis and treatment options while also understanding the parents' values.
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Felicitas Selter, Kirsten Persson, Peter Kunzmann, Gerald Neitzke
Summary: This study explores the ethical aspects of end-of-life decision-making in human and veterinary medicine, highlighting both the convergences and divergences between the two fields. The findings suggest the potential for interdisciplinary collaboration and the importance of social science methods in addressing this new area of research.
FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Ethics
Bartek Chomanski
Summary: With the rise of automated decision-making, governments have increasingly relied on AI algorithms to shape policy decisions. This trend has caught the attention of philosophers concerned about the ethical and political implications of an algocratic governance. One of the main concerns raised is the lack of transparency in algorithms. John Danaher's analysis in "The threat of algocracy" argues that government by algorithm undermines political legitimacy. This paper builds upon Danaher's argument to explore the connections between algocracy, comprehensibility, and legitimacy, especially considering what voters and policymakers can actually understand.
ETHICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Ethics
Silvia Camporesi, Maurizio Mori
Summary: This article discusses an emerging dispute in Italy regarding triage criteria for critically ill covid-19 patients, focusing on how doctors make difficult decisions in contexts of insufficient life-saving resources. It examines empirical and normative questions concerning who should make triage decisions and how doctors should be supported, also exploring broader implications for relieving moral distress in imbalanced healthcare resource situations.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS
(2021)
Review
Obstetrics & Gynecology
Mathilde Bourdon, Chloe Maignien, Khaled Pocate-Cheriet, Genevieve Plu Bureau, Louis Marcellin, Catherine Patrat, Charles Chapron, Pietro Santulli
Summary: The freeze-all strategy is becoming popular as an alternative to fresh embryo transfer, initially for high-risk patients but now extended to improve implantation rates in other cases. However, it may not increase live birth rates for all infertile couples, so identifying appropriate patient subgroups for this strategy is crucial.
REPRODUCTIVE BIOMEDICINE ONLINE
(2021)
Editorial Material
Ethics
Guido Pennings
Summary: Postmortem sperm donation involves low sperm quality and burdensome in vitro fertilisation, leading to the acceptance of more living donors. To expand the donor pool, a better alternative would be men who have stored sperm for self-use but no longer intend to use it.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS
(2022)
Article
Ethics
Michiel De Proost, Gily Coene, Julie Nekkebroeck, Veerle Provoost
Summary: This article critically discusses Petersen's individualisation arguments in the context of social egg freezing, highlighting a lack of empirical data to support his central normative claim. The qualitative interview study reveals that most women can make sense of the argument but also address overlooked concerns, such as the influence of relationship formation on the demand for egg freezing. Women did not find social egg freezing morally problematic, but advocated for more societal solutions and efforts to increase accessibility, such as partial reimbursement and better quality information.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS
(2022)
Article
Obstetrics & Gynecology
Guido Pennings
Summary: This article discusses the comparison between embryo donation and double donation, emphasizing the importance of considering the perspective of the recipients and presenting additional arguments to balance the two methods.
HUMAN REPRODUCTION
(2022)
Article
Ethics
Michiel De Proost, Gily Coene, Julie Nekkebroeck, Veerle Provoost
Summary: This qualitative study explores women's perspectives on the lack of reimbursement for social egg freezing in Belgium. Four themes were identified: unclear information, ongoing financial concerns, necessity of coverage, and varying views on reimbursement. Participants suggested partial reimbursement through public healthcare insurance.
BMC MEDICAL ETHICS
(2022)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Catherine Coveney, Nicky Hudson, Sara Lafuente-Funes, Lara Jacxsens, Veerle Provoost
Summary: The use of third-party eggs is an important part of the global reproductive bioeconomy, and fertility clinics employ various strategies to recruit donors. The websites of these clinics are a valuable source of data on the social, cultural, and economic aspects of egg donation. This study analyzed 62 clinic websites in the UK, Spain, and Belgium, connecting the framing of egg donation to the regulatory context of each country. The findings suggest that while altruism and solidarity are dominant frames within the EU, there are also nationally specific differences.
SOCIAL SCIENCE & MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Obstetrics & Gynecology
Allan A. Pacey, Guido Pennings, Edgar Mocanu, Janne Rothmar, Anja Pinborg, Stine Willum Adrian, Corey Burke, Anne-Bine Skytte
Summary: More applicants are accepted as donors in Denmark than in the USA, and those who choose ID release are more frequently accepted than those who do not.
HUMAN REPRODUCTION
(2023)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Sara Lafuente-Funes, Christina Weis, Nicky Hudson, Veerle Provoost
Summary: The use of donated eggs in IVF treatments is increasing annually. Technical and commercial transformations, such as vitrification, have reshaped the process of egg retrieval, storage, and management. A study conducted in the UK, Spain, and Belgium interviewed 75 egg providers and compared their experiences within different donation 'regimes'. The findings highlight how national practices and policies shape the information-giving process and the experiences of egg providers.
SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS
(2023)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Sander Lefere, Kato Vergote, Ruth De Bruyne, Veerle Provoost, Priya P. Satalkar
Summary: This study analyzed how adolescent bariatric surgery is portrayed in the news media. The findings revealed that the language used in newspaper articles often includes non-neutral and negative discourse, attributing blame to adolescents or their parents. The sensationalized and stigmatizing portrayal of severe obesity in adolescents contributes to the moral issues surrounding this surgery.
Article
Ethics
Guido Pennings
Summary: Some countries have age limits for donor offspring to access certain information after abolishing donor anonymity. In the UK and the Netherlands, there is a debate on whether to lower or abolish these age limits. This article presents arguments against lowering the age limits as a general rule, questioning the impact on the well-being of donor children, the isolation of the child from their family, and the contradiction with the practice of gamete donation.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS
(2023)
Editorial Material
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Guido Pennings
Article
Obstetrics & Gynecology
Guido Pennings
Summary: Many people hope that the unused and unwanted eggs frozen by women for self-use could be used to alleviate the shortage of donor eggs. However, practical and ethical issues may hinder this hope. This paper discusses the reimbursement of costs for elective egg freezers who want to donate their eggs and argues for a partial reimbursement for collection expenses.
REPRODUCTIVE BIOMEDICINE ONLINE
(2023)
Article
Ethics
Steven R. Piek, Guido Pennings, Veerle Provoost
Summary: This article discusses the ethical legitimacy of using age as a basis for policies and legislation in reproductive healthcare. It proposes a framework for determining exclusion criteria and emphasizes that age should not be given special status as it is just one of many predicting variables.
THEORETICAL MEDICINE AND BIOETHICS
(2023)
Review
Obstetrics & Gynecology
Guido Pennings
Summary: In the past decade, an unregulated system of sperm donation has developed alongside formal fertility clinics and sperm banks. This paper presents a SWOT analysis of this new development. The informal system's main strength is the demedicalization of sperm donation, increasing women's reproductive autonomy. The main weakness is the potential for abuse and morally questionable behavior by donors. However, many of the reported disadvantages, such as no ability to limit offspring or genetic testing, also exist in the formal system.
REPRODUCTIVE BIOMEDICINE ONLINE
(2023)
Letter
Obstetrics & Gynecology
Guido Pennings
HUMAN REPRODUCTION OPEN
(2022)
Article
Ethics
Andrea Martani, Eva De Clercq, Christian De Geyter, Guido Pennings, Tenzin Wangmo, Bernice Simone Elger
Summary: The debate over whether there should be restrictions for access to Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) is ongoing. One controversial topic is the use of parental age as a criterion to limit access to ART. This article explores three conceptions of age - chronological, biological, and social-cultural - and their implications for regulating ART access. It proposes a template for defining legal age limits based on a refined understanding of these conceptions and addresses potential objections.
JOURNAL OF LAW AND THE BIOSCIENCES
(2022)