Increased zona pellucida thickness and meiotic spindle disruption in oocytes from cigarette smoking mice

BACKGROUND: The precise effects of cigarette smoking on female fertility have not yet been clearly defined. We have used a mouse model that mimics human smoking and is able to control for variables that may confound clinical studies to assess the impact of chronic smoking on the quality of mouse oocytes. METHODS: Mice received cigarette smoke directly to their lungs for 12 weeks. Lung tissue was analyzed for emphysematous changes and cumulus enclosed oocytes (CEOs) were recovered to study their quality. CEOs were in vitro matured, fixed and stained for chromatin and tubulin. Meiotic spindles, chromatin and the zona pellucida were all examined using confocal microscopy. RESULTS: After 12 weeks of cigarette smoking, mice developed alveolar tissue damage that was determined by an increase in destructive index of the lung parenchyma. The numbers of oocytes recovered and the rates of oocyte maturation were not significantly different from non-smoking mice. However, oocytes from smoking mice had a significantly thicker zona pellucida along with shorter and wider meiotic spindles. Furthermore in total, almost a quarter of oocytes from smoking mice were abnormal as assessed by either errors in chromosomal congression or spindle shape. CONCLUSIONS: We have used a novel model of inhalational cigarette smoking to show that chronic smoking has a detrimental effect on oocyte quality, and this can be observed even though oocytes are removed from the ovary and cultured in vitro.