Prevalence of fecal carriage of extended-spectrum- and metallo-β-lactamase-producing gram-negative bacteria among neonates born in a hospital setting in central Saudi Arabia

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Commensal neonatal fecal flora constitute a reservoir of antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to characterize the prevalence of fecal carriage of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemase producing gram-negative bacteria among 150 neonates who were born in two hospitals in central Saudi Arabia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From June 2012 to Janauary 2013, 150 healthy neonates <= 7 days of age were screened for intestinal enteric bacteria colonization and the influence of age, mode of delivery, body weight and breast feeding of neonates on colonzation rates. The isolates were identified manually and by VITEK 2 and antibiotic susceptibility was tested. Phenotypic tests were performed to seek ESBL and metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) producers in recovered isolates. RESULTS: Among 150 fecal specimens, 188 gram-negative rods were recovered. E coli (n= 130; 69.1%) was the commonest organism followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (n= 23; 12.2%), Pseudomonas aeuroginosa (n= 14; 7.5%), Acinetobacter baumannii (n= 9; 4.8%), Enterobacter spp. (n= 9; 4.8%) and Morganella morganii (n= 3; 1.6%). E coli colonization during the first day of life was 95.5% (n= 43/45), which was relatively higher than in subsequent days. The colonization rate of E coli among low weight babies (<= 3 kg) was significantly higher than fully grown neonates (>= 4 kg)(P=. 03). The prevalence of ESBL and MBL was 15.0% (n= 28/188) and 1.6% (n= 3/188). The prevalence rates of ESBL in E coli, K pneumoniae, E cloacae, M morganii and E aerogenes were 16.9% (n= 22/130), 4.3 % (n= 1/23), 60% (n= 3/5), 33.3% (n= 1/3), and 25% (n= 1/4), respectively. All E cloacae with ESBLs and MBLs were resistant to all tested antibiotics including carbapenems. CONCLUSION: Within the first week of life, the most important determinants of gut enteric bacteria composition in neonates were age in days, body weight, mode of delivery, and type of neonatal feeding. The findings of ESBLs- and MBLs-producing enteric bacteria as neonate-gut colonizers may have wider implication or linkage to prevention of nosocomial and community-acquired infections by these strains.