Article
Plant Sciences
Jill S. Miller, Kimberly Greenberg, Derek Schneider, Rachel A. Levin
Summary: The study revealed correlated variation in ploidy level, sexual system, and genetic structure in L. australe, with gynodioecy and dioecy associated with diploidy and polyploidy, respectively. Floral size dimorphism was also found among morphs in both sexual systems. Genetic structure associated with ploidy level and geography was significant based on genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms and plastid haplotypes.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Ecology
Jaakko O. S. Soininen, Kytoeviita Minna-Maarit
Summary: Sexual dimorphism refers to the different morphologies expressed between sexes of a species. In this study, we observed the pollination behavior of hermaphrodite and female flowers in a gynodioecious plant species and found that female flowers were more likely to receive pollen from multiple pollinator groups. This suggests that floral size dimorphism may increase the reproductive functions of females and hermaphrodites and potentially drive the population towards dioecy.
ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
(2022)
Article
Biology
Leslie M. Kollar, Scott Kiel, Ashley J. James, Cody T. Carnley, Danielle N. Scola, Taylor N. Clark, Tikahari Khanal, Todd N. Rosenstiel, Elliott T. Gall, Karl Grieshop, Stuart F. McDaniel
Summary: The study identified genetic variation for fitness in natural populations can be maintained by sexual antagonism and revealed the genetic architecture of sexual dimorphism in a moss species. The findings suggest that the response to sexually antagonistic or sexually concordant selection is dependent on the traits experiencing selection, and sex-specific genetic architectures have evolved to partly resolve multivariate genetic constraints.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Peipei Huang, Wenjie Guo, Yuhong Wang, Yang Xiong, Si Ge, Gaorui Gong, Qiaohong Lin, Zhen Xu, Jian-Fang Gui, Jie Mei
Summary: This study used GWAS to identify candidate SNPs and genes related to body length and body weight in yellow catfish. Significant associations were found, and a gene related to sexual size dimorphism was also discovered.
Review
Neurosciences
Olesya Shirokova, Olga Zaborskaya, Pavel Pchelin, Elizaveta Kozliaeva, Vladimir Pershin, Irina Mukhina
Summary: In recent years, there has been increasing attention on the various aspects of sexual dimorphism in theoretical and applied biomedicine and neurobiology. This is because male and female brain cells demonstrate differences during aging, such as a dimorphic response to therapy for neurodegenerative disorders, different age of onset and prevalence of such disorders, and symptomatic differences between genders. This review aims to outline the genetic and epigenetic differences in brain cells during aging in males and females, showing that these differences are influenced by factors associated with sex chromosomes and subsequent changes in signal cascades in somatic cells.
Article
Ecology
Simona Kralj-Fiser, Jutta M. Schneider, Matjaz Kuntner, Kate Laskowski, Francisco Garcia-Gonzalez
Summary: Genetic differences in aggression, activity, and exploration were found between sexes in a sexually size-dimorphic spider species, while no differences were observed in boldness. However, the high degree of uncertainty in the estimates prevents a robust conclusion on sex differences in genetic influences.
ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Caihong Han, Qionglin Peng, Mengshi Sun, Xinyu Jiang, Xiangbin Su, Jiangtao Chen, Mingze Ma, Huan Zhu, Xiaoxiao Ji, Yufeng Pan
Summary: Most animal species exhibit dimorphic sexual behaviors, with males showing higher levels of aggression. Current models have focused on the male-specific product of the fruitless gene, fruM, which controls male courtship and male-specific aggression patterns in fruit flies and describes a male-specific mechanism underlying sexually dimorphic behaviors. This study demonstrates that the doublesex gene (dsx), which produces male-specific DsxM and female-specific DsxF transcription factors, also plays a role in the nervous system to control both male and female sexual and aggressive behaviors.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Pamela C. Lovejoy, Kate E. Foley, Melissa M. Conti, Samantha M. Meadows, Christopher Bishop, Anthony C. Fiumera
Summary: Toxicant resistance is a complex trait influenced by genetics and environment, with sexual dimorphism and significant interactions between sexes in susceptibility genes. Despite a positive correlation, differences in susceptibility and gene associations between males and females highlight the importance of considering both sexes in toxicant susceptibility studies.
Article
Psychiatry
Julia C. Stingl, Catharina Scholl, Julia E. Bosch, Roberto Viviani
Summary: Pharmacogenetic studies have shown that cytochrome P450 enzymes are involved in the metabolism of psychotropic drugs. CYP2C19, expressed in the human fetal brain during neurodevelopment, shows affinity for endogenous compounds and may affect brain morphology through estrogen steroids metabolism, with a positive association with basal ganglia and hippocampal volume found in female individuals.
TRANSLATIONAL PSYCHIATRY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Naoki Morimoto, Mikaze Kawada, Yuma Tomizawa, Akihisa Kaneko, Takeshi Nishimura
Summary: Human pelvic morphology shows sexual dimorphism that is most pronounced during peak fertility and becomes less marked during menopause. This study investigates pelvic development in Japanese macaques and finds that their pelvic morphology changes throughout adulthood, potentially adjusting to the higher obstetrical risks at advanced ages.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2023)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Amany E. Abd-Eltawab, Mariam A. Ameer, Mohamed Ahmed Eladl, Mohamed El-Sherbiny, Hasnaa Ali Ebrahim, Dalia Mahmoud Abdelmonem Elsherbini
Summary: The female pelvis morphology has evolved to accommodate the conflicting needs of delivering a large-brained offspring and maintaining an effective bipedal gait. This study investigates the impact of sexual dimorphism on ground reaction force during level walking, particularly focusing on hip abductor muscle biomechanics and its correlation to ground reaction force moment arm. The findings show that males exhibit higher mediolateral ground reaction force, while females have more significant hip abductor moments and medialization of the trochanter, affecting the effective mechanical advantage of hip abductors during level walking.
FRONTIERS IN BIOENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Yuan Wang, Chengfeng Ma, Zhanbing Ma, Mengyi Yang, Jing Pu, Xiuhui Ma, Xi Wu, Liang Peng, Zhenghao Huo, Jie Dang
Summary: By utilizing bioinformatics and immune infiltration analysis, this study analyzed the value and function of IFI44 in the diagnosis and pathology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It was found that IFI44 was aberrantly expressed in SLE patients and correlated with immune cell infiltration. IFI44 may play a role in the pathogenesis of SLE and has the potential to serve as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for SLE.
JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Luz Marina Sanchez-Mendoza, Carlos Perez-Sanchez, Sandra Rodriguez-Lopez, Chary Lopez-Pedrera, Miguel Calvo-Rubio, Rafael de Cabo, Maria I. Buron, Jose A. Gonzalez-Reyes, Jose M. Villalba
Summary: The study investigates the effect of sex on metabolic adaptations induced by overexpression of CYB5R3 and the modulation of key markers related to mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle. It was found that CYB5R3 overexpression leads to enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis and function, as well as increased mitochondrial abundance in skeletal muscle. These beneficial actions are predominantly observed in females, with differences in NADH levels and the abundance of cytochrome c and DRP-1. The results also show ultrastructural changes in transgenic females, including an increase in the number and size of mitochondria.
FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Ecology
Corinne Letendre, Kristin R. Duffield, Ben M. Sadd, Scott K. Sakaluk, Clarissa M. House, John Hunt
Summary: This study investigates the genetic architecture of the immune system in insects using Gryllodes sigillatus as a model. The results show that there are genetic correlations between haemocyte count, antibacterial and phenoloxidase activity, and resistance to a specific bacterium in both males and females. The ability to clear bacteria is also genetically correlated with resistance to all three pathogens. However, genetic correlations between resistances to different pathogens are inconsistent, indicating that resistance to one pathogen does not necessarily confer resistance to another. Genetic estimates of immune assays and pathogen resistance differ across sexes, suggesting independent evolution of these measures in males and females.
JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Ajoy Mandal, Hasan Baneh, Pramod K. Rout, David R. Notter
Summary: A genetic study of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in Jamunapari goats was conducted to investigate the genetic control of body weight differences between males and females. The study found modest SSD in the goats, with males being heavier than females at birth and as they grew older. The study also revealed high genetic correlations between body weights of males and females, suggesting limited opportunity for sex-specific selection to create or modify SSD. The use of different phenotypic variances for the two sexes could improve the accuracy of breeding value predictions.
JOURNAL OF ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS
(2022)